Team:Toulouse/Description
Project description
Context: Bees and pollination
Bees excel in pollination and thus play an essential role in maintaining ecosystems by participating to the production of seeds. Bees harvest pollen and use proteins to feed their offspring. Moreover, by gathering pollen, they allow the reproduction of 84% of the plants that grow in Europe. Bees are also responsible for the production of 35% of edible fruits and vegetables. Among all bees, the domestic bee, Apis mellifera, which builds its swarm in hives provided by man, is directly responsible for the production of honey, wax and propolis.
Figure 1: Examples of products dependent on bee pollination [1]
According to the French INRA (National Institute of Agricultural Research), the bee's extinction would represent an economical worldwide loss of 168 billion USD. This huge number reflects the importance of the bees in the global ecosystem.
Domestic bees
There are three types of bees
living in a beehive: the worker
bees, the queen bee and the male
bees. In the colony, the work is
divided in such a way that each
caste is specialized in its activities.
The worker bees are infertile female
and represent the most numerous caste
in the beehive. Their main activities are
to clean the beehive cells, ventilate the
beehive, cap the beehive cells containing
the bee eggs, feed the larvae, gather pollen and defend the colony.
The queen bee ensures the renewal of the bee colony. The male bees represent the infertilized eggs. Their main activity is the reproductive function with the queen bee outside of the beehive.
The Queen, a Worker and a male
Collapse of Bees
Over the last few decades, a decline in the honeybee population has been observed. In Europe 24%
of the domestic bee species are threatened of extinction. The more indicators you consider, the
more alarming the situation appears. Bee loss has a multifactorial origin. Among these factors,
the Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) is one of the most important. CCD corresponds to a massive loss
of bee colonies. The causes of this syndrome are numerous: pesticides, viruses, parasites… among those,
a mite wisely named Varroa destructor is one of the bees fiercest enemies [2].
Varroa destructor
Varroa destructor is an obligatory ectoparasite of bees. This means it is an external parasite and it cannot survive without its host, the bee. The varroa development cycle takes place in the beehive cells in parallel of the bee development cycle. The key individual of the varroa development cycle is the adult female commonly named “founder”. The founder reproduces exclusively in a brood cell that represents the beehive cell containing a bee larva. The founder reproduction occurs during the phoretic phase where the varroa is moved from one bee colony to the other by an adult bee.
Figure 2: Synchronized life cycle of Honeybees and Varroa destructor.
The bee infestation by varroa occurs between the egg laying of the queen bee in beehive cells and the encapsulation of the bee larva inside the beehive cell. After feeding off the larva the founder will start laying varroa eggs. The newborn varroas will develop themselves, go through different stages and will reproduce within the brood cell. When the mature bee finally emerges from the brood cell, female varroas will stick themselves to it therefore becoming “phoretic”. The Varroa destructor itself is of significant danger. However it is the association with the Deformed Wing Virus (DWV) that makes him one of the most virulent threats for honeybees. The study of the interplay between the mite and the DWV shows that an intense viral replication is triggered by the mite feeding off the bee, leading to a devastating viral outbreak.
Figure 3: Effects exerted by Varroa destructor on honeybee and their hypothetical consequences, adapt from [3].
About varroosis
Varroosis occurs with the Varroa destructor entrance in the hive, carried by infected bees: the mite can begin its parasitism and infest the brood. When the queen gives birth to new larvaes in honeycombs, the fertilized adult female varroa mite will come into it before capping, and lay her eggs. The larvaes will develop, increasing the overall infection that affects bee population [4]. To tackle this issue, it is necessary to attract varroa carried by honeybees before they come into the hive.
Outbreak of Varroa destructor in the Western World
The mite varroa was originally an ectoparasite of Apis cerana, the Asian honey bee. The first contact between varroa and Apis mellifera occurred in the 1950s in Asia. During the following years, the infestation spread to Europe, Africa and America. The first signs of this infestation were observed in Europe and North America in the early 1980s [6]. The varroa mite is a particularly virulent parasite of Apis mellifera since the European honeybee did not have time to develop an adaptive response to it.
In Asia on the contrary, Apis cerana and Varroa destructor co-evolved over the centuries and reached a certain balance. Interestingly, the Asian honeybee is capable of detecting the parasite’s presence and getting rid of it [7].
Means to fight Varroa destructor
There are three types of methods used to limit varroas impact:
♦ Search of tolerant or resistant bees through selection
♦ Use of “zoo-technic” or “bio-technic” means (Trapping of varroas in empty male broods or installation of fenced entries)
♦ Use of chemical treatments
This last type is the most used in the field, however it is limited and their
use is complicated since bees generate consumable
products. The treatments are performed before and after the honey producing period (usually in the summer). This yearly use of such treatments can temporarily eliminate up to 90% of the varroa population, but this does not prevent the proliferation of varroas during summer. Thus, the lack of effectiveness of those treatments allows enough varroa to decrease
bee population in hives beyond dangerous thresholds.
On top of that, such treatments may have serious disadvantages:
♦ It has been shown that some miticide or
degradation metabolites from these molecules accumulate in beewax.
This long term accumulation could explain the emergence of resistant
parasites.
♦ Some treatments were shown to have detrimental effects on bees.
Those effects are usually increased if the treatments are misused.
♦ Some treatments can contaminate the production of bees and impact the quality of the products.
Bees are probably one of the most valuable animal species to mankind through their unique role in pollination. The speed at which they disappear is alarming and considering the emergency of the situation our team decided to use the tools offered by synthetic biology to fight Varroa destructor.
Strategy: An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure
Given the influence of the varroa mite in bee population decline, we wanted our project to fit into the fight against varroa. Current chemical treatments used to fight varroa are not satisfying since they are harmful for bees and human health, and beekeepers relate a lack of effectiveness. Our project, ApiColi, is an alternative solution in the fight against varroa in order to establish a balance between Apis mellifera and Varroa destructor and thus contribute to the preservation of ecosystems.
Introducing ApiColi
Our strategy is based on a genetically modified Escherichia coli strain able to alternate a production of two molecules according to a circadian cycle.
During the day, while bees are entering or exiting the beehive, butyrate is biosynthesized by our engineered bacteria, ApiColi, in order to attract the varroa fixed on bees.
By night, ApiColi produces formate, a well-known molecule lethal to the varroa attracted during the day.
Formic acid is currently used to fight varroa, but at very high doses, that also have an impact on bees.
Figure 1: Circadian rhythm switch strategy
It’s a TrapiColi!
In our project, the engineered bacteria ApiColi will be placed at the bottom of a trap, called TrApiColi, positioned at the entrance of the hive. Varroas will be attracted and killed there, leaving the bee colony less exposed to both chemicals, and particularly formic acid.
Furthermore, beehives are only treated with formic acid during spring and fall, when no
honey is being made. This is due to the fact that formic acid weakens bees, but also that when varroa have entered the
brood, they are not affected by the miticide.
The attraction power of ApiColi will enable us to prevent most varroas from entering the beehive and reaching the brood.
This way, our treatment would be usable even during summer.
Apicoli circadian rhythm
To be respectful of the bees lifecycle, our bacteria will produce formic acid at night, and butyrate by day. This presents several advantages. First, this reduces the bees exposition to formate as they fly through the trap only by day. Secund, this avoids spilling the bacteria ressources by producing uselessly the molecules when they are not needed, and hence ensures a higher life time for the trap. Third, we want to minimize interactions between the two molecules.
This is why we choose to alternate production of both acids according to a circadian rhythm. To do so, we implemented a regulation system combining a NOT logic gate to a circadian switch.
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References
- [1] http://www.consoglobe.com/abeilles-aliments-fruits-legumes-graines-alimentation-pollinisation-cg
- [2] Conte YL, Ellis M & Ritter W (2010) Varroa mites and honey bee health: can Varroa explain part of the colony losses? Apidologie 41: 353–363
- [3] Navajas M, Migeon A, Alaux C, Martin-Magniette M, Robinson G, Evans J, Cros-Arteil S, Crauser D & Le Conte Y (2008) Differential gene expression of the honey bee Apis mellifera associated with Varroa destructor infection. BMC Genomics 9: 301
- [4] Boecking O & Genersch E (2008) Varroosis – the Ongoing Crisis in Bee Keeping. J. Verbr. Lebensm. 3: 221–228
- [5] Alexander B (1985) life and cycle of acarapis woodi: henderson, carol and roger a Morse. "life cycle of tracheal mite" gleanning in bee culture 113(4):216-217
- [6] Sammataro D, Gerson U & Needham G (2000) Parasitic Mites of Honey Bees: Life History, Implications, and Impact. Annual Review of Entomology 45: 519–548
- [7] Peng Y.S., Fang Y., Xu S., Ge L. (1987) The resistance mechanism of the Asian honey bee, Apis cerana Fabr., to an ectoparasitic mite, Varroa jacobsoni Oudemans J. Invertebr. Pathol. 49, 54–60.
