Difference between revisions of "Team:ATOMS-Turkiye/Project/Problems"

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<h1>PROBLEMS</h1>
 
<h1>PROBLEMS</h1>
 
</div>
 
</div>
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<h2>Helicobacter pylori</h2>
 +
 +
<p>Helicobacter pylori is a helical shaped, Gram-negative, microaerophilic bacterium found in several areas in the stomach with the property of inflammation of these areas of the stomach. This bacteria can cause chronic or acute inflammation in the stomach wall. Moreover it is thr most common cause for gastric ulcer and cancer development in the world.
 +
</p>
 +
 +
<p>Helicobacter pylori was identified in 1982 by Dr.Barry Marshall and Dr.Robin Warren, who found that it was present in patients with chronic gastritis and gastric ulcers.In 2005 these scientists awarded with this discovery the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.</p>
 +
 +
<p>H.pylori is about 3 micrometer long with a diameter of about 0,5 micrometer. H.pylori is a microaerophilic, that means that it requires oxygen, but at lower concentration than it is found in the atmosphere. With this attribute it can easily survive and grow in the gastrointestinal tract. H.pylori has got lots of lashes on the cell membrane, which starts from only one point. Thanks to these lashes Helicobacter types can easily and quickly move in the gastrointestinal system. H.pylori produces several enzymes like urease, catalase and oxidas. The enzyme urease enables the survival of the bacteria at low pH's like the gastric juice (pH:2.0) for a spesific time period.</p>
 +
 +
<p>More than %50 of the world's population harbor H.pylori in their gastrointestinal tract and this statistic make the H.pylori to the most common infection.When we take a global look on developing countries the prevalence is 90% compared with the prevalence of industralized countries of 40%.</p>
 +
 +
<p>H.pylori causes in the gastrointestinal system especially in the stomach inflammation. Although it is able to survive in the gastric juice thanks to the urease enyzme, it cannot survive at low pH's for a long time. For this reason it moves away from the gastric juice and enters to the stomach mucus layer, that has got a more basic pH. Because of the jel structure of the stomach mucus layer it has got a higher density than normal liquid. Only H.pylori can move easily in this dense area through its several lashes. The mucus layer that is adherented to the stomach wall contains the H.pylori, that grow up here and are located near to the stomach mucosa cells. At the same time it starts to secrete different factores, that harm these cells. Consequently the located tissue gets injured and small and big wounds occurs.</p>
 +
 +
<p>When nowadays H.pylori is detected in a person the 'triple therapy' is applied. This therapy method consists of two antibiotics (amoksislin and klaritromisin) that inhibits the growth of the bacteria and of proton pump inhibitors, that decreases the injuries. However, because of several reasons a sufficient success couldn't be reached. The biggest reason for this unsuccess in this triple therapy is the developed resistance against the used antibiotics. Although the evaluation of the relations between of ulcer and cancer 30 years have passed, however a therapy method that aims the eradicaton of H.pylori could not be achieved. For this reason new therapy searching about H.pylori eradication will be needed for long term success.
 +
</p>
 +
 +
<p>Patients, who are infected with H.pylori show off two main diseases. These are gastric ulcer and gastric cancer. </p>
 +
 +
<h2>Gastric Ulcer</h2>
 +
 +
<p>The H.pylori,that is located in the mucus layer of the stomach and adherented to stomach mucosa cells, secretes several factores that has got a mortal effect on cells in the near area. These secreted factores leads to the injury or death of the cells in the near area. Consequently wounds with different sizes at the mucus wall called 'ulcer' are caused. These wounds, that has got the characteristics of growing and spreading over time, inhibites the healthy working of the gastrointestinal system and decreases the life qualty of the patient.Next to the environmental and hereditary causes the biggest reason of ulcer is an infection with the H.pylori. </p>
 +
 +
<p>Currently 4 million people suffer from ulcer in the USA and each year 300.000 people are diagnosticated with ulcer. Each year 300 die with the cause of this disease.</p>
 +
 +
<h2>Gastric Cancer</h2>
 +
 +
<p>The H.pylori, that is located in the mucus layer of the stomach produces and secretes factores with the carcinogenic effect on the stomach mucosa cells. These secreted factores achieve the loss of the cell cylce control of the stomach mucosa cells and causes the irregular and extreme growth of these cells.In the next phase the occured cancer cells have the possibility  of spreading through blood and lymph ways and by this way an even more serious disease condition is arised. </p>
 +
 +
<p>Gastric cancer is the fourth most common cancer in the world.Taking a look on all cancer types, women take place at cancer dependent death at third place and men at second place. Each year 990.000 people are diagnosticated with  cancer and each year 738.000 people die because of this disease.Also in the USA each year 17.000 people are newly diagnosticated and 24.000 people die with the cause of this disease. </p>
 +
 +
<h2>Our Strategy</h2>
 +
 +
<p>During the therapy of the two main diseases ulcer and gastric cancer caused by H.pylori firstly the eradication of the cause has to be aimed. For this reason, first of all we aimed to eradicate H.pylori from the stomach. Due to the inefficiency of the antibiotics, we deciced to use our adequate modified E.coli.When we take a general look on our project, we reach the area where the bacteria survives by imitating the H.pylori, with a gate system the existence of the H.pylori is detected and with the antimicrobial peptide Pexiganan, that is discovered recently and proofed with efficiency, the eradicaton of H.pylori is achieved.İf the H.pylori is eradicated completely from the stomach, the ulcerated areas of the stomach will be cured with the natural systems of the body. However we cannot say the same thing for gastric cancer.Even when the H.pylori is eradicated, if the cancer is gastric cancer there will not be a natural healing. İn our project we aim the eradication of H.pylori and the left cancer cells at the same time. For this reason we want to achieve with an intracellular  miRNA amount dependet switch system the eradication of cancer cells without to injure the healthy cells.</p>
 +
 +
<p>Consequently the main cause of the two diseases is exterminated and at the same time injured areas will be cured.</p>
  
  

Revision as of 18:48, 13 September 2015


PROBLEMS

Helicobacter pylori

Helicobacter pylori is a helical shaped, Gram-negative, microaerophilic bacterium found in several areas in the stomach with the property of inflammation of these areas of the stomach. This bacteria can cause chronic or acute inflammation in the stomach wall. Moreover it is thr most common cause for gastric ulcer and cancer development in the world.

Helicobacter pylori was identified in 1982 by Dr.Barry Marshall and Dr.Robin Warren, who found that it was present in patients with chronic gastritis and gastric ulcers.In 2005 these scientists awarded with this discovery the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

H.pylori is about 3 micrometer long with a diameter of about 0,5 micrometer. H.pylori is a microaerophilic, that means that it requires oxygen, but at lower concentration than it is found in the atmosphere. With this attribute it can easily survive and grow in the gastrointestinal tract. H.pylori has got lots of lashes on the cell membrane, which starts from only one point. Thanks to these lashes Helicobacter types can easily and quickly move in the gastrointestinal system. H.pylori produces several enzymes like urease, catalase and oxidas. The enzyme urease enables the survival of the bacteria at low pH's like the gastric juice (pH:2.0) for a spesific time period.

More than %50 of the world's population harbor H.pylori in their gastrointestinal tract and this statistic make the H.pylori to the most common infection.When we take a global look on developing countries the prevalence is 90% compared with the prevalence of industralized countries of 40%.

H.pylori causes in the gastrointestinal system especially in the stomach inflammation. Although it is able to survive in the gastric juice thanks to the urease enyzme, it cannot survive at low pH's for a long time. For this reason it moves away from the gastric juice and enters to the stomach mucus layer, that has got a more basic pH. Because of the jel structure of the stomach mucus layer it has got a higher density than normal liquid. Only H.pylori can move easily in this dense area through its several lashes. The mucus layer that is adherented to the stomach wall contains the H.pylori, that grow up here and are located near to the stomach mucosa cells. At the same time it starts to secrete different factores, that harm these cells. Consequently the located tissue gets injured and small and big wounds occurs.

When nowadays H.pylori is detected in a person the 'triple therapy' is applied. This therapy method consists of two antibiotics (amoksislin and klaritromisin) that inhibits the growth of the bacteria and of proton pump inhibitors, that decreases the injuries. However, because of several reasons a sufficient success couldn't be reached. The biggest reason for this unsuccess in this triple therapy is the developed resistance against the used antibiotics. Although the evaluation of the relations between of ulcer and cancer 30 years have passed, however a therapy method that aims the eradicaton of H.pylori could not be achieved. For this reason new therapy searching about H.pylori eradication will be needed for long term success.

Patients, who are infected with H.pylori show off two main diseases. These are gastric ulcer and gastric cancer.

Gastric Ulcer

The H.pylori,that is located in the mucus layer of the stomach and adherented to stomach mucosa cells, secretes several factores that has got a mortal effect on cells in the near area. These secreted factores leads to the injury or death of the cells in the near area. Consequently wounds with different sizes at the mucus wall called 'ulcer' are caused. These wounds, that has got the characteristics of growing and spreading over time, inhibites the healthy working of the gastrointestinal system and decreases the life qualty of the patient.Next to the environmental and hereditary causes the biggest reason of ulcer is an infection with the H.pylori.

Currently 4 million people suffer from ulcer in the USA and each year 300.000 people are diagnosticated with ulcer. Each year 300 die with the cause of this disease.

Gastric Cancer

The H.pylori, that is located in the mucus layer of the stomach produces and secretes factores with the carcinogenic effect on the stomach mucosa cells. These secreted factores achieve the loss of the cell cylce control of the stomach mucosa cells and causes the irregular and extreme growth of these cells.In the next phase the occured cancer cells have the possibility of spreading through blood and lymph ways and by this way an even more serious disease condition is arised.

Gastric cancer is the fourth most common cancer in the world.Taking a look on all cancer types, women take place at cancer dependent death at third place and men at second place. Each year 990.000 people are diagnosticated with cancer and each year 738.000 people die because of this disease.Also in the USA each year 17.000 people are newly diagnosticated and 24.000 people die with the cause of this disease.

Our Strategy

During the therapy of the two main diseases ulcer and gastric cancer caused by H.pylori firstly the eradication of the cause has to be aimed. For this reason, first of all we aimed to eradicate H.pylori from the stomach. Due to the inefficiency of the antibiotics, we deciced to use our adequate modified E.coli.When we take a general look on our project, we reach the area where the bacteria survives by imitating the H.pylori, with a gate system the existence of the H.pylori is detected and with the antimicrobial peptide Pexiganan, that is discovered recently and proofed with efficiency, the eradicaton of H.pylori is achieved.İf the H.pylori is eradicated completely from the stomach, the ulcerated areas of the stomach will be cured with the natural systems of the body. However we cannot say the same thing for gastric cancer.Even when the H.pylori is eradicated, if the cancer is gastric cancer there will not be a natural healing. İn our project we aim the eradication of H.pylori and the left cancer cells at the same time. For this reason we want to achieve with an intracellular miRNA amount dependet switch system the eradication of cancer cells without to injure the healthy cells.

Consequently the main cause of the two diseases is exterminated and at the same time injured areas will be cured.