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| <div class="mc-container"> | | <div class="mc-container"> |
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− | <h1>Project<span><em>Lead</em></span></h1> | + | <h1>Project<span><em>Copper</em></span></h1> |
| <div class="section"> | | <div class="section"> |
| + | |
| <article class="article"> | | <article class="article"> |
| <h3 class="article-title">Introduction</h3> | | <h3 class="article-title">Introduction</h3> |
| <ol class="article-ol"> | | <ol class="article-ol"> |
| <li> | | <li> |
− | <span>為何偵測此毒物<span> | + | <span>銅的危害</span> |
− | <p class="article-p">餿水油中發現鉛的殘留,可能是因為由含有鉛的動物內臟製成,或是金屬容器的鉛溶出導致的污染。餿水油中含有鉛[1],而鉛不易由人體代謝或降解,對人體是一種慢性和積累性毒物,容易導致中毒或甚至致癌等等,所以我們決定要偵測鉛。</p> | + | <p class="article-p">銅是呼吸色素的必須成分,並在越來越多的蛋白質和酶中檢測到。1847年Harless就指出軟體動物內的銅具有重要作用;1878年Frederig首先從章魚血內蛋白質複合物中將銅分離出來,並將這種含銅蛋白質命名為銅藍蛋白;1928年Hart報告銅為哺乳動物的必須元素。</p> |
| + | <p class="article-p">根據文獻,因為銅會影響鐵的吸收所以缺乏銅會導致白血球異常,嗜中性白血球減少症 (Neutropenia),以及骨質疏鬆、生長遲緩等等問題。[1] 或是影響免疫系統。[2]</p> |
| + | <p class="article-p">而過多的銅也會對人體造成危害,吸入高濃度的銅會導致鼻子喉嚨的刺激。攝入高濃度的銅會造成肝臟及腎臟的損害。[3]銅過量會中毒,症狀包括反胃、噁心、嘔吐、腹瀉。其它嚴重症狀包含血尿、黃疸、寡尿。銅中毒時可發生溶血、血紅蛋白降低, 血清乳酸脫氫酶升高以及腦組織病變等。[4]而遺傳疾病威爾遜病也與銅有關,其是因為先天原因導致P型銅轉運ATP酶缺陷,使銅過量聚集於肝臟周圍而使肝細胞壞死,接著銅藉由血液沉積在腦、腎、角膜等肝外組織而致病。[5]</p> |
| </li> | | </li> |
| <li> | | <li> |
− | <span>此毒物的危害<span> | + | <span>相關法規</span> |
− | <p class="article-p">Lead can cause several unwanted effects, such as:</p>
| + | |
| <ul class="article-ul"> | | <ul class="article-ul"> |
− | <li>Disruption of the biosynthesis of haemoglobin and anaemia</li> | + | <li> |
− | <li>A rise in blood pressure</li>
| + | <span>United States</span> |
− | <li>Kidney damage</li>
| + | <ul class="article-ul"> |
− | <li>Miscarriages and subtle abortions</li>
| + | <li>美國環保署要求飲用水中銅濃度不能超過1.3 mg/L。</li> |
− | <li>Disruption of nervous systems</li>
| + | <li>美國農業部建議八歲以上的人們每天准許含量為900 mg。</li> |
− | <li>Brain damage</li> | + | <li>美國職業安全及健康管理局(OSHA)要求工作場所中,空氣裡銅的含量不能超過0.1 mg/m3以及含銅的塵土不能超過0.1 mg/m3。</li> |
− | <li>Declined fertility of men through sperm damage</li>
| + | </ul> |
− | <li>Diminished learning abilities of children</li>
| + | </li> |
− | <li>Behavioural disruptions of children, such as aggression, impulsive behavior and hyperactivity</li>
| + | <li> |
| + | <span>Taiwan</span> |
| + | <ul class="article-ul"> |
| + | <li>飲用水 1.0 ppm</li> |
| + | <li>Cooking oil 0.4 ppm</li> |
| + | <li>Egg 5 ppm</li> |
| + | <li>Drinks 5 ppm</li> |
| + | </ul> |
| + | </li> |
| </ul> | | </ul> |
− | <p class="article-p">Lead can enter a foetus through the placenta of the mother. Because of this it can cause serious damage to the nervous system and the brains of unborn children.[2]</p>
| |
− | </li>
| |
− | <li>
| |
− | <span>台灣法規</span>
| |
| </li> | | </li> |
| </ol> | | </ol> |
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| <h3 class="article-title">Circuit Design</h3> | | <h3 class="article-title">Circuit Design</h3> |
| <div class="article-img"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/8/82/2015hsnu-copper_2.png"></div> | | <div class="article-img"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/8/82/2015hsnu-copper_2.png"></div> |
− | <p class="article-p">We mainly divide the whole experiment into 2 major parts.</p>
| + | <p class="article-p">Just like detecting cadmium , we use the same principle on copper. First, we use the CopA Promoter , which can detect copper and more sensitive than CueO Promoter. When it detects that there is copper in oil, then it will activate the translation reverse.</p> |
− | <p class="article-p">The former fragment can consistently produce PbRr.[4]</p>
| + | |
− | <p class="article-p">If the oil contains lead ions, they can integrate with proteins PbRr to further activate proteins.</p>
| + | |
− | <p class="article-p">As for the later fragment, the lead promoter can be controlled by activated protein PbRr to further trigger the GFP.</p>
| + | |
| </article> | | </article> |
− | <article class="article">
| + | <article class="article"> |
| <h3 class="article-title">研究問題與結果</h3> | | <h3 class="article-title">研究問題與結果</h3> |
| <ol class="article-ol"> | | <ol class="article-ol"> |
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| </li> | | </li> |
| <li> | | <li> |
− | <span>大腸桿菌能否耐受此毒物</span> | + | <span>大腸桿菌能否在銅中存活?</span> |
| <ol class="article-ol" type="A"> | | <ol class="article-ol" type="A"> |
| <li><span>Method</span></li> | | <li><span>Method</span></li> |
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| </li> | | </li> |
| <li> | | <li> |
− | <span>某毒物濃度與螢光亮度的關係</span> | + | <span>銅濃度與螢光亮度的關係</span> |
| <ol class="article-ol" type="A"> | | <ol class="article-ol" type="A"> |
| <li><span>Method</span></li> | | <li><span>Method</span></li> |
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| <ol> | | <ol> |
| </article> | | </article> |
− | <article class="article">
| + | <article class="article"> |
| <h3 class="article-title">Reference</h3> | | <h3 class="article-title">Reference</h3> |
| <ul class="article-ul"> | | <ul class="article-ul"> |
− | <li>[1] Rancidity of Used Cooking Oil and Heavy Metal Analyses on Selected Street-Vended Foods (Annabelle A. Callano, 2012)</li> | + | <li>[1]<a href="http://www.cmuh.cmu.edu.tw/temp_file/54CBAA2CF894BA9A1FCDCF9DFD9432D8/teaching/file/2014-01-03_09-13/%E9%8A%85%E8%88%87%E9%8A%85%E4%B8%AD%E6%AF%92.pdf">銅與銅中毒 - 中國醫藥大學附設醫院</a></li> |
− | <li>[2] Health effects of lead (<a href="http://www.lenntech.com/periodic/elements/pb.htm">http://www.lenntech.com/periodic/elements/pb.htm</a>)</li> | + | <li>[2]<a href="http://www.cqvip.com/QK/94462X/199602/">《国外医学情报》1996年 第2期 | 张尚文 </a></li> |
− | <li>[3] 食用油脂類衛生標準,食品衛生管理法第十七條</li> | + | <li>[3]<a href="http://nehrc.nhri.org.tw/toxic/toxfaq_detail.php?id=51">國家環境毒物研究中心</a></li> |
− | <li>[4] An Exceptionally Selective Lead(ii)-Regulatory Protein from Ralstonia Metallidurans: Development of a Fluorescent Lead(ii) Probe (Peng Chen, Bill Greenberg, Safiyh Taghavi, Christine Romano, Daniel van der Lelie, and Chuan He)</li>
| + | <li>[4]曹会兰 微量元素与健康研究 2001 年第 18 卷第3期</li> |
| + | <li>[5]<a href="https://www.ntuh.gov.tw/neur/%E8%A1%9B%E6%95%99%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/DocLib/%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E6%80%A7%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85/%E5%A8%81%E7%88%BE%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%87.aspx">台大醫院 衛教資料</a></li> |
| </ul> | | </ul> |
| </article> | | </article> |
| + | |
| </div> | | </div> |
| | | |