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                  <h2>Protocols</h2>
                      <h3>Electroporation Transformation of <i>E. coli</i> DH5α</h3>

                      <p>
                        <b>1.  Prepare overnight cultures (for use ~8 hours later)</b><br/>
                        1.1  Take 2 new/sterile 50ml  falcon tubes and add to each 10ml of sterile LB broth (there is usually an autoclaved 1 L duran flask of LB in the fridge, use 20ml from that and transfer to tubes under the flow hood).<br/>
                        1.2  Inoculate the 2 falcon tubes from DH5α stock using a flamed loop.<br/>
                        1.3  Incubate at 37 °C with shaking overnight, or for 8 hours.<br/><br/>

                        <b>2.  Place required items on ice</b><br/>
                        The cells need to be kept cold during the procedure. Therefore the cuvettes and falcon tubes should be           placed in the cold store of the freezer before starting.  It is also useful to have ice cold RO water, chill before starting.<br/><br/>

                        <b>3.  Prepare petri dishes</b><br/>
                        3.1  Prepare LB and 3 LB+Antibiotic plates<br/><br/>

                        <b>4.  Making electrocompetent cells</b><br/>
                        4.1  Setup an ice bath that will hold several 250ml flasks and the RO water bottle. You will need to use it regularly.  Remember to return the water bottle to the ice bath between steps.<br/>
                        4.2  Autoclave 2 x 250ml Duran flasks each containing 90 ml LB medium (leave the lids loose during autoclaving, as trapped gas might cause an autoclave explosion!).  Allow the flasks to cool to room temperature (or cool under running water).<br/>
                        4.3  Inoculate the flasks by pouring in the 10 ml of the overnight culture from the falcon tube into each to make up to 100ml.<br/>
                        4.4  Place in the incubator at 37 °C for 2-3 hours to grow cells to an OD600 of approximately 0.5.  After removing from the incubator, chill both flasks in an ice bath for 15 minutes.<br/>
                        4.5  Transfer the contents of the 2 flasks into prechilled falcon tubes.  When done the 2 flasks should fill 4 falcon tubes completely.<br/>
                        4.6  Harvest by centrifuugation for 20 minutes at 5000 rpm in the JOUAN centrifuge. A pellet should form in the bottom of the tube.  Pour off the supernatant from each tube, taking care not to dislodge the pellet.<br/>
                        4.7  Resuspend the pellet by adding 5 ml ice-cold water to each falcon tube and pipette mixing.<br/>
                        4.8  Mix the 4 x 5ml resuspended cultures into a single falcon tube. (This saves repeating all the steps for each tube).<br/>
                        4.9  Wash the cells by pelleting and resuspending 3 times.  Pelleting by 12 minutes centrifugation at 5000 rpm. (Use a counter balancing tube.) Then resuspend the pellet in 45 ml of ice-water.<br/>
                        4.10 Finally resuspend the cells in ice-cold water to a final concentration of approximately 2 x 10^11 cells/ml. (This is usually just a drop or 2-3ml of liquid).<br/><br/>
                      </p>
                      
                      <b>5.  <b>Electroporation of cells</b><br/>
                      5.1  Add 90 µl electrocompetent cells  to a prechilled cuvette.<br/>
                      5.2  Add 10 µl of plasmid to cuvette and mix by pipette mixing.<br/>
                      5.3  Plate out a -ve control of e-competent cells. Mark plate “LBA/E-comp”.<br/>
                      5.4  Wipe moisture from the cuvette and insert the cuvette into the device.<br/>
                      5.5  Electroporation: Use the following parameters.<br/>
                             <b>Mode Prokaryotes</b><br/>
                             <b>Voltage (V) 1,700 V</b><br/>
                             <b>Time constant (τ) 5 ms</b><br/> 

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