View source for Team:UNITN-Trento/Results

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						<h2><strong>Results</strong></h2> 
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										<h3 class="wow fadeInDown">Introduction to the Results</h3>
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										<h3 class="wow fadeInDown">Proteorhodopsin</h3>
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										<p>Proteorhodopsin (PR) is a light-powered proton pump that belongs to the rhodopsin family. It is a 7-transmembrane protein, which uses all-trans-retinal as the chromophore. It uses <span class="i_enph">light energy</span> to generate an <span class="i_enph">outward proton flux</span>. The increased proton motive force across the membrane can power cellular processes, such as ATP synthesis, chemiosmotic reactions and rotary flagellar motor [1]. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that light-activated proton pumping by proteorhodopsin can drive ATP synthesis as proton reenter the cell through the H+-ATP synthase complex[2].</p>
										
										<a class="fancybox" rel="group" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/1/1b/Unitn_pics_project_cluster_pr.png" title="Schematic representation of the PR gene cluster identified in clone HF10_19P19"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/d/db/Unitn_pics_project_cluster_pr_thumb.png" alt="" style="width:100%; max-width:700px;"/></a>
										<p class="image_caption"><span>Schematic representation of the PR gene cluster identified in clone HF10_19P19</span>Predicted transcription terminators are indicated in red. (Four genes are for beta-carotene synthesis, blh for retinal production, and PR itself.</p>
										
										<p>The sequence of our part belongs to the uncultured marine Gammaproteobacteria of the  SAR86 group. The original cluster is composed of 6 genes: four are involved in beta-  carotene production; one is implied in beta carotene cleavage into two molecules of  retinal, the other encodes for proteorhodopsin. From the analysis of our part sequence we  found out that our protein belongs to the blue absorbing group. [3]</p> 
										
										
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										<a class="fancybox" rel="group" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/5/50/Unitn_pics_results_prscheme.jpg" title="Proposed mechanism of PR associated to the ATP-synthase complex"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/2/2b/Unitn_pics_results_prscheme_thumb.jpg" alt="" style="width:100%; max-width:700px;"/></a>
										<p class="image_caption"><span>Proposed mechanism of PR associated to the ATP-synthase complex</span> Light-activated proteorhodopsin pumps protons outwardly, increasing the proton motive force. Protons can then reenter the cells through ATP-synthase complex, powering the ATP production.</p>
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										Fig 3
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										<p>Proteorhodopsin was taken from the Registry (<a href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K773002" class="i_linker registry" target="_blank">BBa_K773002</a> ) part of <a href="https://2012.igem.org/Team:Caltech" target="_blank" class="authorCite">Caltech 2012</a>. From the experience of Caltech 2012 we saw that they were not able to express and functionally characterize the part. We took the challenge to improve this part!</p>
										<p>We have built two different devices to produce Proteorhodopsin and added a RBS which was missing:</p>
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											<li><a href="" class="i_linker registry">BBa_K1604010</a>: Proteorhodopsin producing device under the control of aracpBAD.</li>
											<li>BBa_K16040xx: Device for the production of Proteorhodopsin and biosynthesis of retinal</li>
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										<h4 class="header4 wow fadeInDown delay05"> <span>Retinal is the key!</span> <i class="faabig flaticon-shield114"></i></h4>
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										<p style="clear:both;">We have screened several parameters (media, temperature, time of induction) to discover  that the optimal expression conditions were in LB at 37&deg;C     overnight in the presence of 10  &mu;M of all-trans retinal. Attempts to express the protein in the absence of retinal failed.  Proteorhodopsin is a membrane protein that needs the time to fold properly into the  membrane and requires retinal to bind the pocket and help the formation of the proper  folding.</p>
										<p>The expected molecular size is 28 KDa. The SDS gel shows a band corresponding to around 37 KDa, as it was seen in other studies [4]. This is probably due to post-translational modifications.</p>
										<p> Although LB gives the maximum expression as shown in the SDS page, we were able to   successfully express Proteorhodopsin also in M9. This result was not visible by SDS page,   but it is demonstrated by the presence of a bright red colored pellet typical of retinal bound   to Proteorhodopsin.<br /><br />
										M9 is the perfect culture media for our MFC, to maintain the correct proton equilibration   between the anodic and cathodic chambers, and maintains a more stable signal (see our   MFC results). Therefore we decided to use these growth conditions for the functional   characterization.</p>
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											<a class="fancybox" rel="group" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/e/ee/Unitn_pics_results_prsds.jpg" title="Expression of Proteorhodopsin in NEB10-Beta cells"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/7/7c/Unitn_pics_results_prsds_thumb.jpg" alt="" style="width:100%; max-width:700px;"/></a>
											
											<p class="image_caption"><span>Expression of Proteorhodopsin</span>NEB10&beta; cells transformed with <a class="i_linker registry" href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K1604010" target="_blank">BBa_K1604010</a> and grown in LB and induced in LB or M9 with 5 mM arabinose and 10 &mu;M of retinal at 30&deg;C or 37&deg;C. Negative control were cells transformed with <a href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K731201" class="i_linker registry" target="_blank">BBa_K731201</a> (i.e. araC-pBAD).</p> 
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											<a class="fancybox" rel="group" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/0/01/Unitn_pics_results_prfalcons2_thumb.jpg" title="Expression of Proteorhodopsin in NEB10-Beta cells"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/0/01/Unitn_pics_results_prfalcons2_thumb.jpg" alt="" style="width:100%; max-width:700px;"/></a>
											
											<p class="image_caption"><span>Expression of Proteorhodopsin</span>NEB10&beta; cells transformed with <a class="i_linker registry" href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K1604010" target="_blank">BBa_K1604010</a> and grown in LB and induced in LB or M9 with 5 mM arabinose and 10 &mu;M of retinal at 30&deg;C or 37&deg;C. Negative control were cells transformed with <a href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K731201" class="i_linker registry" target="_blank">BBa_K731201</a> (i.e. araC-pBAD).</p>  
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											<a class="fancybox" rel="group" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/e/ee/Unitn_pics_results_prsds.jpg" title="Expression of Proteorhodopsin in NEB10-Beta cells"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/7/7c/Unitn_pics_results_prsds_thumb.jpg" alt="" style="width:100%; max-width:650px;"/></a>
											
											<p class="image_caption"><span>Expression of Proteorhodopsin</span>NEB10&beta; cells transformed with <a class="i_linker registry" href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K1604010" target="_blank">BBa_K1604010</a> and grown in LB and induced in LB or M9 with 5 mM arabinose and 10 &mu;M of retinal at 30&deg;C or 37&deg;C. Negative control were cells transformed with <a href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K731201" class="i_linker registry" target="_blank">BBa_K731201</a> (i.e. araC-pBAD).</p> 
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										<p>We attempted also to purify the protein from the bacterial culture by sonication followed by  ultracentrifugation and we were happy to see that the purified protein was also RED, while   the negative control was not.</p>
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											<a class="fancybox" rel="group" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/3/37/Unitn_pics_project_prpellets.png" title="Purification of Proteorhodopsin. "><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/3/3f/Unitn_pics_project_prpellets_thumb.jpg" alt="" style="width:100%; max-width:1500px;"/></a>
											<p class="image_caption"><span>Purification of Proteorhodopsin. </span>NEB10&beta; cells transformed with    <a href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K1604010" class="i_linker registry" target="_blank">BBa_K1604010</a> and <a href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K731201" class="i_linker registry" target="_blank">BBa_K731201</a> were induced in LB at 37&deg;C     in the presence of retinal.    The cell pellets were resuspended in 50 mM Tris-Cl pH 8 with 5 mM MgCl2 and sonicated.    The lysate was centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 20 min at 4C. The supernatant was    ultracentrifuged for 100,000 g for 3 hours at 4C. The three tubes in front contain    proteorhodopsin purified fractions and the three tubes in the back are negative controls    treated in the same conditions</p>
											
											<p class="image_caption" style="margin-top:1.5em !important;"><span>Proteorhodopsin expression in M9</span>Cells transformed with <a href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K1604010" class="i_linker registry" target="_blank">BBa_K1604010</a> and <a href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K731201" class="i_linker registry" target="_blank">BBa_K731201</a> were grown in LB and transferred in M9 at an OD of 0.6 and induced     with arabinose with the presence of 10 &micro;M of retinal. After 6 hours of induction the cells     were centrifuged and the supernatant was discarded. From left to right: araC-pBAD     induced with retinal (A), proteorhodopsin induced with retinal (B), proteorhodopsin induced     (C) and not induced (D) both without retinal.</p>
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										<h4 class="header4 wow fadeInDown delay05"> <span>Light or no light that is the question.</span> <i class="faabig flaticon-shield114"></i></h4>
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								<p>Proteorhodpsin is a light activated proton pump that exploits the conformational change of   all trans-retinal to all cis-retinal. The different absorption properties are due to a single   amino acid, at position 105 in the retinal binding pocket. The presence of a highly   conserved Gln at position 105 in <a class="i_linker registry" href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K1604010" target="_blank">BBa_K1604010</a> indicates that it belongs to the blue   absorbing family. [3]</p>
								
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										<a class="fancybox" rel="group" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/3/3a/Unitn_pics_results_pr7.jpg" title="Apparatus for anaerobiosis growth"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/7/75/Unitn_pics_results_pr7_thumb.jpg" alt="" style="width:100%; max-width:700px;"/></a>
										<p class="image_caption"><span>Apparatus for anaerobiosis growth</span>Panel A) sealed sterile bottles. Panel B)
									Anaerobic chamber.</p>
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										<p>We tested if light activation with a white light bulb (160W) containing the blue wavelength, activates proteorhodopsin, thus making the bacteria survive better anaerobically.</p>
										<p>Anaerobiosis was achieved using sealed glass bottles with a rubber septum. We got from the local pharmacy 12 sterile bottles of physiological solution. After removing the liquid, washing them and autoclaving them, the bottles were ready to host our bacteria!</p>   
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										<a class="fancybox" rel="group" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/0/06/Unitn_pics_results_pr8.png"  title="Anaerobioc growth of BBa_K1600410"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/8/81/Unitn_pics_results_pr8_thumb.jpg" alt="" style="width:100%; max-width:900px;"/></a>
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										<p class="image_caption" style="margin-top:0;"><span>Anaerobioc growth of BBa_K1604010</span> E. coli transformed with <a class="i_linker registry"  href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K1604010" class="i_linker" target="_blank">BBa_K1604010</a> (blue line) and <a href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K731201" class="i_linker registry"  target="_blank">BBa_K731201</a> (green line) were grown in LB at 37&deg;C     untilan OD of 0.6 and induced in M9 minimal medium with 5 mM arabinose and 10 uM retinal in the dark. After 5 hours of induction the culture were transferred in sealed bottles in the anaerobic chamber and placed again in the thermoshaker. Sample in the dark were kept in aluminum foil. Light exposed samples were excited with a 160W halogen light bulb placed outside the incubator. The blue line (proteorhodopsin) is the result of the average of 6 different samples (3 in the dark and 3 in the light) while the green line (araC-pBAD) is the average of 1 sample in the dark and 1 in the light.</p>
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									<p>After five hours of induction in the dark (i.e. the samples were wrapped in aluminum foils)  the cultures were split in the anaerobic chamber in light and dark conditions. The cultures  were placed in the thermoshaker that was illuminated from the outside. Half of the cultures  were kept in the dark and the other half were exposed to the light. <br /> The OD<sub>600</sub> was constantly monitored because E. coli’s growth is slowed down in stressful conditions such as the lack of oxygen.</p>
    								<p>The bacteria expressing proteorhodopsin have an increased lifetime when compared to a negative control with araC-pBAD (<a class="i_linker registry"  href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K731201" target="_blank">BBa_K731201</a>). However we did not observe significant changes between light and dark with this test. The explanations could be several. Most likely we were not exciting properly the system. However it seems that there is a basal functionality even in the absence of light, probably due to activation of the proton pump independently from light exposure.</p>
									<p>While we decided to explore different light sources, we built a solar mimicking apparatus, that would allow us to directly illuminate the samples without the glass of the thermoshaker.</p>

									<div style="text-align:center;"><a class="fancybox" rel="group" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/2/2f/Unitn_pics_results_pr9_thumb.jpg" title=""><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/2/2f/Unitn_pics_results_pr9_thumb.jpg" alt="" style="width:100%; max-width:900px;"/></a><p class="image_caption"><span>Solar mimicking apparatus</span> NEB10&beta; cells transformed with <a class="i_linker registry"  href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K1604010" class="i_linker" target="_blank">BBa_K1604010</a> were grown exposed to light (left side) or in dark condition (right side). The cultures were maintained at ~37&deg;C with magnetic stirring using a laboratory plate. The light was provided by a 160 Watt halogen lamp placed 4 cm from each culture. The dark condition was simulated covering the cultures with aluminum foil (not shown).</p> </div> 
									
									
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											<h4 class="header4 wow fadeInDown delay05"> <span>Light does matter: more H<sup>+</sup> pumping outside!</span> <i class="faabig flaticon-shield114"></i></h4>
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									<p>Since we observed that there was a possible activation of the proton pump without light, we decided that our next test would be a proton pumping experiment as described in the literature [2][5].</p>

									<p>The ΔpH between the light exposed proteorhodopsin and the two negative controls (proteorhodopsin in the dark and araC-pBAD in the light is 0.22. This result evidenced that although there is a basal acidification of the medium due to the bacteria metabolism, our device acidifies the medium thank to the activation of the proton pump when the bacteria were light exposed.</p>
									
									<div style="text-align:center;"><a class="fancybox" rel="group" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/0/0b/Unitn_pics_results_pr10.png" title=""><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/1/13/Unitn_pics_results_pr10_thumb.jpg" alt="" style="width:100%; max-width:900px;"/></a><p class="image_caption" style="width:900px; text-align:justify;"><span>cidification of culture medium by BBa_K1604010</span> A NEB10&beta; cells  transformed with BBa_K1604010 were grown until an OD600 of 0.7 was reached and  induced in M9 Minimal Medium with 5mM of arabinose and supplemented with 10 uM of  all-trans-retinal. The induction was done in the dark. The samples were then placed in the  “Solar” apparatus with or without light. pH was measured every 6h, in a 24h range. </p> </div> 
										
									<p>We improved the proteorhodopsin part that we extracted from the registry, placed under an inducible promoter and we fully characterized it to demonstrate that the proton pump doeswork when the bacteria are light exposed. This membrane protein does require retinal to properly fold and increases the lifespan and the vitality of the engineered bacteria in anaerobic conditions. We did experience some difficulties in finding the right conditions of growth, light exposure and to reach anareobiosis. Also from our experience, this is a delicate system that showed sometime variability in the measurements between different biological samples. However we optimized the system and we now have a functioning device that can be used in our MFC.</p>

									<p>Proteorhodopsin are happy to stay in our Microbial fuel Cell under the sun. Check out our results. [link alla pag della MFC]</p>

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										<h3 class="wow fadeInDown">Pnc<span class="bigletter">B</span>: nicotinic acid phosphorbosyl-transferase</h3>
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											<h4 class="header4 wow fadeInDown      delay05"><span>Increasing the levels of NADH</span> <i class="faabig flaticon-speedometer26"></i></h4> 
											
											<p style="clear:both;">Our goal was to boost electron production by increasing the concentration of electron carriers (i.e. NADH). To achieve this goal we decided to engineer <span class="i_enph italic">E. coli</span> with an enzyme that would provide more intracellular NAD, and thus NADH.</p>
											<p>PncB catalyzes one of the rate-limiting step in the NAD synthesis pathway. This gene is naturally found in <span class="i_enph italic">E. coli</span> and encodes for the enzyme <span class="i_enph">NAPRTase</span> (nicotinic acid phosphorbosyl- transferase) that catalyzes the formation of nicotinate mono-nucleotide, a direct precursor of NAD, from NA (nicotinic acid).</p>
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											<p>Our device is controlled by an inducible arabinose promoter built by the <a class="i_linker registry"  href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K731201" target="_blank">Unitn iGEM team in 2012</a>. PncB was extracted by <span class="i_enph italic">E. coli</span> genome, the illegal site PstI was removed, and it was placed in pSB1C3 (<a href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K1604030" class="i_linker registry"  target="_blank">BBa_K1604030</a>). Subsequently it was placed under the araC-pBAD promoter (<a href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K1604031" class="i_linker registry"  target="_blank">BBa_K1604030</a>).</p>
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											<h4 class="header4 wow fadeInDown delay05"> <span>PncB is not toxic if overexpressed in <span style="font-style:italic">E.coli</span></span> <i class="faabig flaticon-shield114"></i></h4>
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												NEB10&beta; transformed with <a href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K1604031" class="i_linker registry" target="_blank">BBa_K1604030</a> (araC-pBAD-pncB) or <a href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K731201" class="i_linker registry"  target="_blank">BBa_K731201</a>  (i.e. araC-pBAD) were grown up to an OD of 0.6, splitted in two tubes of 23 mL each and induced  with 5 mM of arabinose. Negative controls were not induced. <br />The OD (600 nm) was measured  every 45 minutes for 5 hours.  All measurements were done for 3 different biological samples and 3 technical measures.
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											<p>Although the growth rate is slightly decreased, due to the cell stress when expressing pncB, the data indicate that this enzyme does not have toxicity effect on the cells.</p> 
											
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												<a class="fancybox" rel="group" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/c/ce/Unitn_pics_pncb_ToxicityTestPncB.png" title="Growth rate of BBa_K1604031 (aracpbad-pncb) and BBa_K731201 (i.e. aracpBad)"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/2/21/Unitn_pics_pncb_ToxicityTestPncB_thumb.jpg" alt="" style="width:100%; max-width:700px;"/></a>
												<p class="image_caption"><span>Growth rate of <a href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K1604031" class="i_linker registry" target="_blank"> BBa_K1604031</a> (aracpbad-pncb) and <a href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:" class="i_linker registry" target="_blank">BBa_K731201</a> (i.e. aracpBad).</span> Cells were grown up to an OD of 0.6 and splitted before induction with arabinose. BBa_K1604031 (Orange line) and BBa_K731201 (green line) induced with 5 mM arabinose. BBa_K1604031 (yellow line) and BBa_K731201 (blue line) not induced.</p>
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											<h4 class="header4 wow fadeInDown   delay05" style="visibility:hidden;"> <span>PncB enhances NAD production by ~2.5 fold</span><i class="faabig flaticon-bars-graphic"></i></h4>
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									<p>Our goal was to demonstrate that pncB increased intracellular levels of NAD and thus NADH. We quantified the levels of NAD by a colorimetric test that measures the levels of NAD indirectly by quantifying the concentration of NAD total (NAD + NADH) and NADH only. To make precise quantitation a standard curve with NADH was built. The test provides the ratio of NAD/NADH</p>
									<p>NAD<sub>total</sub> = Amount of total NAD (NAD+NADH) in unknown sample (pmole) from standard curve.<br />
									NADH = Amount of NADH in unknown sample (pmole) from standard curve.</p>
									
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												<a class="fancybox" rel="group" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/4/45/Unitn_pics_pncb_StarndarRatioPncB.png"  ><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/5/5e/Unitn_pics_pncb_StarndarRatioPncB_thumb.png" alt="" style="width:100%; max-width:700px;"/></a>
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											<p class="image_caption" style="clear:both;"><span>__Title of the Figure__</span> NAD and NADH levels were quantified with Sigma NAD /NADH quantification kit (MAK037)   following the instructions described in the technical bulletin. Panel A: Standard curve (0, 20, 40, 60,   80, 100 pmole/well of NADH)). Panel B: NAD/NADH levels for three biological samples of   <a href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K1604030" class="i_linker registry" target="_blank">BBa_K1604030</a> (green) and one negative control <a href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K731201" class="i_linker registry" target="_blank">BBa_K731201</a> (blue). The cells were grown as described previously.</p>
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											<p style="clear:both" class="image_caption"><span>__Title of the Figure__</span> Lane B samples 2-7 calibration curve (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 pmole/well of NADH). Lane C    samples 2-9 NAD total levels; Lane D samples 2-9 NAD total repeated with a 2 fold concentrated    sample; Lane E NADH only; Lane F NADH only, repeated with a 2 fold concentrated sample. In    lanes C-F the order of the samples is: 2 technical replicates of the negative control, and 2 technical    replicates of each of the 3 biological samples of  <a href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K1604031" class="i_linker registry" target="_blank">BBa_K1604031</a>. The plate was read with a Tecan    Infinite M-200 pro instrument at 450 nm. The measurements were taken after 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4 hours    to allow color development. The data shown are representative of the best measurement at 2 hours.</p>
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												<a class="fancybox" rel="group" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/2/26/Unitn_pics_pncb_wells.jpg" title=""><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/1/1b/Unitn_pics_pncb_wells_thumb.jpg" alt="" style="width:100%; max-width:500px;"/></a>
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									<p style="margin-top:2em;">BBa_K1604031 does increase NAD levels by <span class="i_enph">126%</span> (2.5 fold) and NADH levels by  <span class="i_enph">44%</span> (1.4 fold)     when expressed in NEB10&beta;. Although we did see an enhancement in NAD levels, this did not     correlate to a proportional boost in NADH levels. We plan in the future to add a NAD reducing     enzyme and to give a medium able to enhance the cell metabolism to further increase NADH     intracellular levels.</p>									
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