View source for Team:AUC TURKEY/RNA Thermometer

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<li><a href="#intro">Introduction</a></li>
<li><a href="#props">The Properties of<br/> RNA Thermometers</a></li>
<li><a href="#ibpb">ibPB RNA Thermometer</a></li>
<li><a href="#cit">Citations</a></li>
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= RNA Thermometer =

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== Introduction ==

Heat-shock is a major process for the survival of all species.<sup>1</sup> In an environment where the temperature shows even the slightest inconsistency forces the organism to adapt to temperature shifts. This is where heat-shock proteins come into effect. Through sensing temperature shifts in the environment, organisms are able to survive and thrive in forever changing temperature conditions.

It has been understood that heat-shock mechanisms are required in almost all organisms and is present in the most primitive bacteria species to the most complex organisms.<sup>2</sup> This very rudimentary mechanism therefore necessitates to be handled by the most common structures found in all that is living, RNA. The heat sensitive mechanisms in living organisms are conducted by RNA thermometers.

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== The Properties of RNA Thermometers ==

RNA Thermometers are a group of RNA structures that have varying properties and operative functions. Although RNA Thermometers are basic and found in almost all organisms,  characteristic differences exist in between RNA Thermometers. Between species, conformational, structural, functional and mechanical differences are present. This diversity allows the presence of many RNA Thermometer structures for application in different circumstances.

There are common features of RNA Thermometers. The main feature of all RNA thermometers is that they function through conformational shifts in structure. These shifts cause conformational changes to expose the Shine-Dalgarno sequence, which acts as a binding site to allow translation.<sup>3</sup> For translation to occur, the ribosome has to the aforementioned SD sequence. The structural differences are caused by the transcription regions, but the SD sequence is common. Aside from that, temperature is the factor responsible for changes in all RNA thermometers, but there are cold-shock RNA Thermometers as well as heat-shock.<sup>4</sup>

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== ibPB RNA Thermometer ==

The Rna thermometer that will be utilized in our project is the ibpb Rna thermometer. Taken from the strains of the x species of the x group of organisms, the ibpb thermometer is a standard cis-acting heat-shock regulated rna thermometer. The heat shock process is stimulated by the medium of the attached protein. This heat shock response is effectively stimulated at 37 °C and beyond, however the rna thermometer starts to function at 32 °C.<sup>5</sup> 32 °C presents enough energy for some of the strands in the medium to start translation, while mostly, translation occurs at low levels. The unbinding of the dna sequence reaches its maximum at 37 °C, but the rate of the reaction and translation increases as the temperature further increases, as the number of ribosomes that can collusively attach to the sd sequence increase with temperature. This means that the activity of the strain increases with temperature, with the temperature of denaturation being the limiting factor.

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== Citations ==
# Guisbert, E., Yura, T., Rhodius, V.A., and Gross, C.A. 2008. Convergence of molecular, modeling and systems approaches for an understanding of the Escherichia coli heat shock response. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 72: 545-554. doi:10.1128/MMBR.00007-08
# https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=KDDcqVBOwo0C&pg=PA31
# Narberhaus F, Waldminghaus T, Chowdhury S (January 2006). "RNA thermometers". FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 30 (1): 3–16. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2005.004.x. PMID 16438677. Retrieved 2011-04-23
# Jens Kortmann & Franz Narberhaus Bacterial RNA thermometers: molecular zippers and switches Nature Reviews Microbiology 10, 255-265 (April 2012)
# j. biol chem 
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