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    <h1>dCas9 Modification</h1>


<p> One of our goals this year was to engineer a version of the Cas9 protein that could recognize different protospacer adjacent motifs (PAMs) other than the regular NGG. Kleinstiver et al (reference) recently published data on Cas9 mutants that effectively cut unique PAM sites. A specific EQR variant in the publication recognized a NGAG PAM site after three different amino acids in the original Cas9 were changed. The EQR variant includes the changes D1135E, R1335Q, and T1337R. Our goal was to try and replicate these mutations but instead with dCas9, which is commonly used since it represses a gene rather than cutting one. Target sites were designed in promoters of green fluorescent protein (GFP) with both an NGG PAM sequence and an NGAG PAM sequence.
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<h2> Experimental Design </h2>
<p> All of our experiments to study GFP expression with and without addition of dCas9 were performed on the Amnis Image Stream machine (Amnis 2015). The Image Stream is a fluorescence microscope combined with a flow cytometer, letting one to perform a quantitative method of fluorescence detection while visualizing the actual cells. By measuring an average fluorescence intensity of cells, we can determine the average intensity of a cell population. 
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Our first step was to create the EQR variant in dCas9 by using site directed mutagenesis (Quick Change protocols link). This was done on a dCas9 plasmid ordered from AddGene. Two other plasmids were constructed with both a gene producing GFP and an sgRNA target recognizing either an NGG or an NGAG PAM site on the GFP promoter J23101 (link?). 
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The first experiment that was performed was to co-transform a plasmid containing both GFP and the sgRNA targeting the GFP promoter into the same cell as dCas9. This was a control experiment that will explain that the mutated EQR dCas9 performs worse than the original dCas9 when targeting an NGG PAM site. 

<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/5/54/Waterloo_ImageNGG.png">
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The next experiment involved transforming the plasmid with GFP and an sgRNA targeting a region in the GFP promoter with an NGAG PAM site into E. coli. This was also co-transformed with both the orignial and the mutated versions of dCas9. This time, we expect to see the mutated EQR dCas9 perform better than the original in terms of repression of GFP. 

<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/d/dc/Waterloo_ImageNGAG.png">
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<h2> Constructs </h2>

<p> 326 GFP NGAG,
Target 1.0 with GFP control, 
Mutated dCas9,
Original dCas9 from Addgene (reference)
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<h2> Results </h2> 

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The EQR muatated dCas9 was successfully constructed using the QuickChange protocol twice and sending for sequencing. Co-transformations were also accomplished and cells were analyzed using Flow cytometry. 

<h3> NGG PAM site </h3>

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<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/e/e6/Waterloo_flow_orig_NGG.png">
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<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/1/16/Waterloo_flow_mut_NGG.png">
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