Difference between revisions of "Team:Lethbridge HS/Description"

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                     jQuery("#coloredTitle").text('Biofilms');
 
                     jQuery("#coloredTitle").text('Biofilms');
 
                     jQuery("#slide1Title").text('Biofilm');
 
                     jQuery("#slide1Title").text('Biofilm');
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document.getElementById("projectText1").write('The purpose of hospitals is to help people get better. However, in the United States, 2 million people are infected during their hospital stay and bacterial biofilms are responsible of 65% of all hospital acquired infections. A biofilm is a conglomeration of bacteria that is enclosed in a matrix of sugars and extracellular DNA, this helps to hold the bacteria together like a community. Biofilms can adhere to any surface and are commonly found in nature. However, biofilms can become problematic when they adhere to surgical tools such as catheters, endotracheal tubes, and scalpels. Currents methods used to destroy biofilms include antibiotics and biocides. These methods are often expensive, harsh, and ineffective; biofilms are notorious for developing resistance to chemical treatments. Instead of trying to kill the bacteria in the biofilm, we decided to degrade the matrix that protects it. We have created a cocktail of Nuclease and Dextranase to achieve this purpose. Once the matrix is degraded, the bacteria inside can be eliminated without the use of expensive chemicals.<br><br><b>What is nuclease? What is dextranase?</b><br>As mentioned earlier, one of the two targets for dispersing the biofilm is its extra-cellular DNA. To do so, we are using E.coli to secrete s nuclease. A nuclease is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the phosphodiester bonds of nucleic acids. More specifically, the nuclease utilized by our team is a Micrococcal nuclease (Mnase) capable of cleaving single-stranded and double-stranded nucleic acids. The irony of the situation being that the nuclease bio brick (Part: BBa_K729004) being used is derived from Staphylococcus aureus.  S. aureus biofilms are a major problem on medical equipment, and account for many infections. The S. aureus biofilm uses the Mnase for partial dispersal of its outer layer, so its inner colonies can spread outside and grow more biofilms. S aureus. Being a gram positive, ubiquitous bacteria, has one of the toughest biofilms. And hence, the strength of the Mnase is equally supplementary. Although the Mnase is derived from S. aureus, the function and the effect of the enzyme is not limited to that bacteria. Since extra-cellular DNA is component of almost every biofilm, the effect of the enzyme will not be affected by a change in the species/strain of bacteria. To further enhance the effects of Mnase, it will be applied in a mixture that also includes Dextranase. Dextranase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of bonds within dextran. Dextran is a component of the exopolysaccharide (EPS) matrix, common to many biofilms. The dextranase used for the construct, is an alpha-dextranase derived from Chaetomium gracile (a dematiaceous mold from the fungi family). Dextranase, by degrading parts of the EPS matrix would allow for Mnase to further seep into the biofilm, and thus increase the overall efficiency of the mixture.<br><br><b>What we are doing differently.</b><br>
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document.getElementById("projectText1").write('The purpose of hospitals is to help people get better. However, in the United States, 2 million people are infected during their hospital stay and bacterial biofilms are responsible of 65% of all hospital acquired infections. A biofilm is a conglomeration of bacteria that is enclosed in a matrix of sugars and extracellular DNA, this helps to hold the bacteria together like');
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Past projects have targeted the bonds within the biofilm structure to disperse the biofilms, but since there is a variety of major bonds found within different biofilms, the effects of the construct have been limited to some bacterial species. But, by targeting the extracellular DNA and the exopolysaccharide matrix (common components of almost every biofilm), our aim is to create a general all-purpose dispersant, capable of working on a variety of biofilms, thriving in a variety of settings.<br><br><b>Extracellular Polymeric Substance Matrix: Sticky Stuff!</b><br>The bacteria in the biofilm are surrounded by an extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrix. This matrix is comprised of water, which hydrates the cells; various sugars, to provide nutrients and the sticky structure of the biofilm; proteins, which are typically enzymes; lipids; and extracellular DNA, which serves as a structural component of the biofilms. The EPS matrix constitutes 50-90% of a biofilm’s organic matter. The purpose of the EPS matrix is to adhere the bacteria to a surface and protect the biofilm against any harsh environmental conditions. The matrix also provides a “transport system” so that nutrients, water, and enzymes can move around the structure to meet the needs of each cell.<br><br>The production of the EPS matrix is, in part, regulated by quorum sensing; this is a way for bacteria to communicate with each other via chemical signalling molecules. Like a “quorum”, once there are enough bacteria, the bacteria are able to communicate with each other to collectively express a gene, in this is case they would be producing the EPS.');
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                     jQuery("#slide1Paragraph").text('For years, bacterial biofilms have been a cause for concern in medicine. Biofilms are comprised of colonial microorganisms that can adhere to almost any surface with adequate moisture and nutrients. Biofilms often harbour pathogens, and can be extremely problematic in clinical settings. 65% of all hospital acquired infections can be attributed to pathogenic biofilms. Current methods to destroy biofilms include antimicrobial agents and hydraulic flushing. These are ineffective because biofilms are surrounded by a matrix of sugars and DNA. We intend to create an all-purpose biological counterattack capable of dispersing and eliminating a wide variety of biofilms by utilizing enzymes to destroy the structures within. This will be achieved through the secretion of dextranase, which degrades the exopolymeric matrix, and DNase, that targets the extracellular DNA responsible for maintaining biofilm structure. This double phased attack will be highly efficient compared to current removal methods.');
 
                     jQuery("#slide1Paragraph").text('For years, bacterial biofilms have been a cause for concern in medicine. Biofilms are comprised of colonial microorganisms that can adhere to almost any surface with adequate moisture and nutrients. Biofilms often harbour pathogens, and can be extremely problematic in clinical settings. 65% of all hospital acquired infections can be attributed to pathogenic biofilms. Current methods to destroy biofilms include antimicrobial agents and hydraulic flushing. These are ineffective because biofilms are surrounded by a matrix of sugars and DNA. We intend to create an all-purpose biological counterattack capable of dispersing and eliminating a wide variety of biofilms by utilizing enzymes to destroy the structures within. This will be achieved through the secretion of dextranase, which degrades the exopolymeric matrix, and DNase, that targets the extracellular DNA responsible for maintaining biofilm structure. This double phased attack will be highly efficient compared to current removal methods.');
 
                     document.getElementById("projectIcon").src ="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/4/4b/LethHS2015_Plasmid.png";
 
                     document.getElementById("projectIcon").src ="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/4/4b/LethHS2015_Plasmid.png";

Revision as of 02:15, 15 September 2015

Project

How does our project work?

Description

Without the bees planning dinner would be significantly more difficult. Bees pollinate 70 out of the top 100 food crops, which supply 90% of the world nutrition. It is apparent that bees are an integral part of the ecosystem and human life. However, bees have been in decline for about 30 years, but the rate of deaths have gone up in the past decade. In the United States, a startling 30% of bees are dying each year and this is due to a phenomenon called Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) which is destroying productive bee colonies worldwide. One factor contributing to CCD is the parasitic mite, Varroa destructor. The parasite sucks the bees’ haemolymph (blood), and transmits RNA viruses, such as Deformed Winged Virus, which are detrimental to colony productivity. Current methods used to control V. destructor are inefficient and resistance is developing in treated populations. Using synthetic biology, we designed E.coli that produce the miticide oxalic acid in the bee gut. This method targets V. destructor by directly delivering oxalic acid into the mites, creating mite-proof bee populations.

Government

Meeting with MLA—Shannon Phillips

City Council By-Law

Prior to 1983, residents of the City of Lethbridge were able to beekeep within city limits. However, an amendment to Bylaw 3383 that pertains to bees now prevents residents from being able to do so. In Southern Alberta, bee populations are currently decreasing with reports saying that North American beekeepers are losing approximately one third of their bees each year. As a way to help the bee population, our team made it a goal to try and have this bylaw amended to allow urban beekeeping within city limits.

Community

Seed bombs

We made seed bombs to help spread awareness about the decline of bees, while simultaneously promoting bee population growth. A seed bomb is basically a ball of soil, clay, water, and seeds. The idea is that people plant them in empty lots, undeveloped fields, or even their backyards so that flowers can grow, giving the bees more access to food. We used Smooth Blue Aster, Purple Prairie Clover, and Prairie Coneflower to make our seed bombs because they are native to Southern Alberta, and they would not be considered an invasive species.

We distributed seed bombs to members of the public and informed them about our project and the plight of the bees. Many people accepted our project and showed their support by signing a petition that supported urban beekeeping in Lethbridge, which is currently illegal.

Integrated Human Practices

Beekeepers Visit and Interview

Outreach

School Presentations