<p> <span class="intro"> For peptide aptamers</span> to be implementable in diagnostics and therapy, some challenges have to be accomodated. Antibodies comprise a dangerous threat for microorganisms displaying pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). PAMPs are recognized by the antibodies Fab-region and induces an immune response through the Fc-region, that binds effector cells of the immune system. The effector mechanisms include: <span class="tooltipLink">Opsonisation</span><span class="tooltip"><span class="tooltipHeader">Opsonisation</span><i>Opson</i> originates from Grece, where it referrers to a delicious side-dish. In this context it means that antibodies mark pathogens, making them more appetizing for phagocytes (i.e. neutrophils and macrophages)</span>, <span class="tooltipLink">agglutination</span><span class="tooltip"><span class="tooltipHeader">Agglutination</span><i>Agglutinare</i> is Latin and means "to glue". In the immune response it means that the antibodies bind multiple antigens, creating a cluster which is easier for the phagocytes to process in one portion instead of one by one.</span> and <span class="tooltipLink">complement activation</span><span class="tooltip"><span class="tooltipHeader">Complement System</span>When the system is activated, several proteases begin to cleave proteins that release certain cytokines, toxic to the pathogen. By a cascade of cleavage reactions the result is the production of a so called <i>cell killing membrane attack complex</i> that will destroy the given microbe.</span> among other reactions.