Introduction

Nowadays, Synthetic Biology is a real challenge in the scientific world, and we are all affected. However, as a new field, concerns arise from population and the need to understand is becoming essential. Aware of the need to communicate and share about Synthetic Biology, a new team have been created this year: IONIS Paris.
IONIS Paris team, gather students with different background in order to propose a new way to popularize biology and synthetic biology. Scientists, computer engineers, scientist communication managers and designers have taken the challenge and propose a double project based on the popularization of science. This will of IONIS iGEM to popularize Biology and Synthetic Biology gathers several proposals and projects which are presented in the following parts.

New generation of biologists is coming!

According to IONIS iGEM main goals, the team has organized some introduction courses on DNA, the leaving organisms and as all the little students were really interested, the team also scheduled to perform a little experiment in order to extract banana's DNA. This event at the elementary school of Yvris (France), allowed not only an exchange of knowledge but also a human experience for our team.

Explain your project in 1 minute

As this year the main goal of the IONIS iGEM team was to popularize Synthetic Biology, we have challenged other iGEM teams and asked them to create a one minute video introducing their project in the simplest way. As well, during the French meeting in July, we came with our camera and recorded the other French teams. Those videos were challenging for all teams, indeed, introducing its own project in only one minute is short. But also use simple worlds understood by everyone is challenging.

During our first brainstorming sessions, all our members were truly excited about what our project will be. Will we cure patient from a growing infectious disease that is spreading and devastating the world? Will we contribute to the cheap production of a medicine for a third-world countries? Or maybe will we create an engineered organism that would allow to reduce carbon footprint worldwide?

By going through the many projects from the previous iGEM competitors we realized something: all those ideas were truly brilliant however, almost none of them could be implemented in the real world, and therefore could solve the problems mentioned above. Why? Why can’t these works be used now that they have been developed?

Unfortunately, there is still a long way to go until synthetic engineered organisms could be used due to two main restrictions: the first one is the real risk related to the technology while the second is based on people’s beliefs and fears which are often more based on some propaganda than on facts.

As scientists, we are aware that the technology we are using and developing may be deviated from its original purpose or could be misused. Our aim is not to force people into thinking that synthetic biology may solve all our problems, we want people to have a real understanding of the many possibilities and innovations that can come within this field, both good and bad. Which lead us to the following statement:

How and why should the synthetic biology research take advantages of new digital trends for its popularization and for the education of citizens from all background?

Okay, there may be an issue… but how big is it?

In order to identify how close to reality our first impression was, we used Google Trends as an analytical tool for our investigations. Using key words and research request archives from the famous searching engine, this tool generates time line graphs by representing the amount of request in which the given key word has been used on different period of time. The reference used as 100 is the highest volume of request recorded for a defined keyword. We first evaluated the use of the key word “Synthetic Biology"

The largest volume of request including “Synthetic Biology” was reach in May 2010, which seems quite normal as headlines all over the world were dedicated to J.Craig Venter’s latest achievement, with attracting titles such as “and man created life”. The normal amount of research therefore seems to be around ¼ of this highest performance. About the geographical repartition of the volume of request, UK owns the first step of the podium, followed closely by the US and further by Canada, Germany, India, France and Japan.

The 100 percent reference point may be a little subjective, we therefore decided to put it in perspective by comparing it to other key words. As an example, the key word “biological engineering” is more used in China than anywhere in the world. In addition, it has been REALLY more often requested than “synthetic biology” despite a loss of popularity since 2004.
What would happen if we compare those words to the key word GMO?

Well, far less than they care about Batman.
In our perspective, if it’s a right to have access to knowledge, it is our duty to be well informed when talking about such cutting-edge technologies. However, scientific articles do not aim citizens in general, and a lot of media, willing to facilitate the comprehension of those breakthrough, failed to keep them scientifically true and objective by preserving their context. We have then decided to take a look at the free, reliable, and emerging source of knowledge.

So… What are the free resources available to become more aware of synthetic biology?!

From beginners to advanced levels biologist: MOOC!

MOOC stands for Massive Online Open Classrooms, what does it mean? Well, that you can take online classes on almost every topics that come to your mind! Advantages of MOOC: first, it is online and just an internet-connection is required for attending the class. You can work in the morning or late at night: it is up to you! These classes can also fit the various learning style of students: if you have trouble learning alone, the community will be there to help you, but you can also learn totally on your own. Many MOOC provided are free but you can still pay in order to get a verified certificate of accomplishment, therefore, knowledge and courses from prestigious university are now open to anyone.

Nevertheless, it is important to considerer that if subtitles in your own languages may be available, most of the class are registered in English, which may be a limitations for some people.
Let’s make a quick review of the major MOOC platforms and their offer in biology and especially synthetic biology classes!

Coursera.org
With a large offer of free classes, Coursera is a great place to start learning about biology and synbio.
When looking for synthetic biology classes, Coursera proposed 3 specializations which are specific cursus in which you follow different courses on a topic leading to a validate certificate. However, if you do not want to pay you can still access the class for free. The specializations are the following:

Systems biology, from Mount Sinai School of Medicine, which include 5 courses to cover the overall specialization, from mathematical modeling to experimental system biology.
Bioinformatics is taught by the University of California, San Diego, through 6 courses covering hidden message in DNA, evolution and big data in biology.
Genomic data sciences from Johns Hopkins University which is providing a solid background on data sciences applied to biology through 7 courses from Python, Statistics to Algorithms. In addition, you can also find basic biology or bioinformatics lessons as well as others classes such as Engineering Life: Synbio, Bioethics & Public Policy; Experimental genomic sciences, Epigenomics; Neurosciences or Plant Biology!

EdX.org
With some of the best universities in the world, this platform is providing many courses on biology from beginners to advances level. Some noteworthy classes proposed here have been provided by the MIT and Harvard, from “Introduction to biology” to “Principles of Synthetic Biology”. Other broader topics are available such as “Lab Safety: The Interactive Game of Don’t Endanger the Owls” (Rice University) or “Science at the Polls: Biology for Voters”, whose aim is to provide every citizens with the basic knowledge required to be an aware voters (University of Berkeley).

Making an exhaustive list of all the biology courses available online would be an endless task as each month new courses are available while some are removed. Do not hesitate to look for platform specific to your country or field of research: for instance, OpenClassroom and Udacity for computer sciences, Canvas, France-universite-numerique, NovoEd, OpenMooc and plenty of others can be find!

For those who are not willing to follow a full class on a topic but still want to improve their understanding of science and other ethical matter, TED is a nonprofit organization whose mission is to promote “ideas worth spreading”. By organizing TEDtalks conferences that are freely available online, this organization is contributing to the popularization of many topics from science, psychology, new technology or global actualities. Speakers are often talking about biotechnology and we invited anyone interested in synbio to check out Craig Venter talks among others really interesting contents!
(https://www.ted.com/speakers/craig_venter)

Social networks for synthetic biology popularization and development

How can we talk about free, open content, without talking about social network? If some websites and Youtube Channel are already providing a great popularization work such as ASAP Science, IFLS (among others) it is also possible for both beginners and long-term scientist to use social network to learn about the actuality of their field, to get in touch with others and to debate about new ideas. In this perspective, the website Quora (http://www.quora.com/) is allowing people to ask questions and to receive answers from the world expert on the topic! The scientific community is especially active on this site and is dedicated to explaining through construct argumentation all the concepts you have ever wondering about.
Twitter can also be a great tool in order to get in touch with scientist and companies and debate! The #DistractiglySexy hashtag is a perfect example on how a social media can be used to convey a message and bring to knowledge some concerns that would have remained unknown without it. It is also a great way to follow actuality, learning about recent discoveries or events. For those of you, who are not familiar with Twitter, our team have conducted a short study using recent analytical tools to identify the main actors you should followed to be informed about #synbio !

Here is a screenshot of the social network analysis we carried out using the software NodeXL and SocNetV! Some of the more active actors on #synbio for the last 10 000 tweets using this hashtag have been @Synthsysed, @Synbiobeta, @Seqcomplete, @DrTomEllis, @biobasedchem, @amyelizatayler, @biochemphd, @bioSYNergy_dk , @Caiyizi, @PortlandPress, @ChainBiotech, @KerrLorraine, @Synberc, @kunjapur among others !
Don’t hesitate to keep you up to date by following them.

Open Science, Responsible Innovation, Big Data and Open access: What are those trends and why should you care?

Either you are a scientist or not, you may not have heard about those terms before but you definitely will in the future.
Open science is a movement whose aims are to increase transparency of research, increase its public availability and accessibility through open access and open data, and to promote scientific collaborations in order for anyone to have the tools to contribute to scientific progress.
Sounds familiar? The iGEM competition is a great example of open science. By using the BioBrick standards, everyone is working in the same way which increased the potential of scientific cooperation. In addition, as the registry is an open-source BioBrick library, anyone can share their work and improve previous construction in order to make synthetic biology go forward. Open Science is spreading in other fields as well and is heading to the development of a new paradigm in research but also in the industry with the rise of “open innovation”. The research and innovation of tomorrow will be cooperative and based on win-win partnership which is why you better be aware of this movement!
The research and innovations of tomorrow are also expected to meet criteria of “Responsible Research and Innovation” (RRI). As global awareness is rising, new products and services will be more and more judged on their social and environmental impact. Innovation strategy will have to adapt, from up-to-bottom to bottom-up strategies, by increasing the contributions of end-users, employees and all individuals on the innovation process. Synthetic biology is not an exception and is even more subject to RRI as the development of the field is highlighting ethical dilemma by questioning the definition of living organisms, their use as a micro-plant to produce product for our own interest, and the potential misused of the technology.
Moreover, with the rise of big data, ownership and collection of biological data is likely to be a hot topics in a close future as laws and regulations are not up to date with the potential issue to come.
Thus, it is fundamental that people get informed to make an informed decision on what they want, and the only way to prepare them, to treat the source of the problem, is to provide them with education through popularization and open science!

Our purpose: Raising awareness by providing tools for a better understanding of synthetic biology

As we demonstrated it, in our digital area, education, through MOOC and open access is more easily available than ever. Nevertheless, people still have to develop interest in a topic in order reach information, sometimes overcoming language barriers and finding information that remains both scientifically correct and understandable!
Our purpose during the overall competition has been to bring people to understand the field, its risks and opportunities and to invite them to develop their own opinion. This objective in our mind, we chose to develop our project through different supports and strategies.

Combining gamification and popularization into effective teaching strategies

What is gamification?

Gamification is a recent term describing the use of game-like design and mechanisms in order to facilitate the understanding of non-fun topic, to motivate and engage people in theirs tasks. Why learning should not been amusing? Well, our team was pretty sure it should be, which lead us to develop our Bio-Console and Mobile application!

Our Bio-Console

According to our purpose, choosing a bio-console as a support for our project was a perfect fit! Microfluidics is nowadays of a great importance thanks to its many applications from diagnosis to single-cell analysis. Thus, combining this high-tech support to a game seems great to get people interested in the potential application of such systems. In addition, we could get them more sensitive about safety issue thanks to our kill-switch and make them discover the great possibilities of optogenetics. Still, our main objective was to ensure that our system would be safe of use by two kind of “game over” to make sure no spreading would occurred when using the console.
However, some ethical concerns were raised from our choice: should we “play” with living organisms like in our game? We debated this problematic and came to the conclusion that making bacteria a playful companion in a game of fluid and light would not harm neither the organisms, neither environment nor human beings. In addition, the Bio-Console is not expected to be an industrial scale project and the demonstration of the microfluidic device does not necessarily require the use of bacteria to reach its popularization purpose.

Our Mobile Application

Available on Android system and respecting the open source philosophy of the iGEM, our mobile application development have been conducted in order to create an educational but still fun game in order to make people of any background more likely to get informed about biotechnology and synthetic biology. As we needed to make choice between our many ideas of mini-games, we have chosen to focus our first mini-games on safety issues and good lab practices and to introduce our bacterial hero! As this project represents on itself a huge amount of intellectual, material and time implication of all of our team, and as we didn't realize all the mini-games we wanted to design, we want our mobile application to be transmitted and updated every year for the iGEM competition by the next IONIS iGEM teams.

Challenging others

What a better way to get people to question a topic than by challenging them?
Challenging iGEMers: popularization is not an easy task which is why we ask our fellow iGEMers to explain their project in a less than one minute videos!
Challenging Biotechnology Student: After presenting the iGEM and synthetic biology to 3th year biotechnology student we challenge them to imagine a project in less than 30 min in a friendly competition after which they presented their idea in front of their classmates who were encourage to question the idea on every area from ethic to biosafety and possible road-to-market issues.
Increasing Curiosity for Science in Primary Schools: Members of our team have presented biology and more generally Science to primary school pupils. Those presentation were both rewarding for the class as well as our team: children were really excited and curious about the topic, and it was truly fulfilling to teach them during those session and turning on a sparkle of interest which may lead to a real passion for science!

Building safer project to contribute to the industrial use of synthetic biology

Another aspect of our project was to bring scientists a tools to make their project safer: the kill-switch triggered by light we aimed to design would allow others projects to be conducted in a controlled and closed environment, by preventing any spreading out of the bioreactor in which bacteria would be kept for instance. However, to ensure the safety of our system, test on the rapidity of the death activation after light exposure should be performed and modeled before being used in industrial condition. Biosafety should be a fundamental part of synthetic biology research and we hope our contributions to the iGEM competition will both help future teams but also encourage them to think about their own way to develop safer experimentations that could lead one step toward industrial used of synbio!

Final words

To conclude, our team believe scientist and citizens must work together because ethical and environmental issues related to synthetic biology are concerning everyone. Everybody should be able to understand the main principles of this field and it is with a great enthusiasm that we use the gamification and digital trends in order to promote popularization both to scientist and non-scientist of all ages.
Through our online investigations, our Bio-Console and Application, our aim was to empower citizens by giving them the knowledge they need to build an aware opinion and to encourage them to take part of the future of science by questioning themselves. Indeed, this matter will be of great importance, especially when new laws and regulations will be debated. By working on a kill-switch triggered by light, we also hope synthetic biology project would be safer and could be used more commonly in closed bioreactor, preventing any spreading but allowing society and people to benefit of the many solutions made possible by genetic engineering.