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| | <h1>Single chain variable fragment as probe</h1> | | <h1>Single chain variable fragment as probe</h1> |
| − | <p> In our product, we chose Single chain variable fragment (scFv) Abs as probes to detect. ScFv are one of the recombinant antibody (rAb) fragments, which are popular therapeutic alternatives to full length monoclonal Abs. Compared to generating whole Abs from animal cell culture, scFv are smaller and can be expressed rapidly, economically and in large quantities in a bacterial host, such as <i>E. coli</i>. A scFv possesses the complete antigen binding site, which contains the variable heavy (VH) and variable light domain of an antibody. The VH domain is linked to a VL domain by an introduced flexible polypeptide linker. A scFv is capable of binding to the target antigens with an affinity similar to that of the parent mAb. Since scFv fragments contain specific antigen binding units, scFv fragments show tremendous versatility and importance in human therapeutics and diagnostics.<sup>[1]</sup> In addition, scFv fragments can be envisaged to be applied in the non-pharmaceutical sector, such as in food, cosmetic or environmental industries. The unique and highly specific antigen-binding ability might, for example, be exploited to block specific enzymes (e.g. enzymes that cause food spoilage), bacteria (e.g. in toothpaste or mouthwashes) or to detect environmental factors present in very low concentrations (as biosensors).<sup>[2]</sup></p> | + | <p> In our product, we chose Single chain variable fragment (scFv) Abs as probes to detect. ScFv are one of the recombinant antibody (rAb) fragments, which are popular therapeutic alternatives to full length monoclonal Abs. Compared to generating whole Abs from animal cell culture, scFv are smaller and can be expressed rapidly, economically and in large quantities in a bacterial host, such as <i>E. coli</i>. A scFv possesses the complete antigen binding site, which contains the variable heavy (VH) and variable light domain of an antibody. The VH domain is linked to a VL domain by an introduced flexible polypeptide linker. A scFv is capable of binding to the target antigens with an affinity similar to that of the parent mAb. Since scFv fragments contain specific a |
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| − | Figure 1.
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| − | <div class="content"><h1>Health and Medical Detection Platform</h1>
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| − | <p>With our hit product, E.Cotector, we can focus on health and medical dimension. We want to provide a convenient and efficient diagnosis for prescribing personalized targeted drug therapy via tissue biopsies. Therefore, we chose single chain variable fragments (scFv), which are directly from monoclonal antibody targeted drugs to act as our probe to detect specific biomarkers. Our customer can pair up any scFv with any color signal. By changing various kinds of scFv on the surfaces of E.Cotector, it can identify multimarkers and suggest appropriate different kinds of targeted drugs.</P>
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| − | <p> Our E.Cotector can consequently bind to various targeted antigen also simultaneously express color as signal for instant observation. We provide another plasmid of Gold Binding Polypeptide for customers to pair up. By pairing up scFv and GBP, we can achieve quantitative detection through biosensors. In conclusion, the customized APOllO E.Cotector will bring a brand new era for pre-diagnosis target drugs treatment.</P>
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| − | <div class="content"><h1>Properties and development of targeted drugs</h1>
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| − | <p>This year, we decided to utilize the scFv as probes to detect cancer markers and aid in the prescription of targeted drugs in cancer treatments. Targeted drugs therapy utilize compounds that are capable of inhibiting target molecules, the cancer markers which send messages along signaling pathways in cell growth, cell division or cell death.<sup>[3]</sup> Via specific binding to target molecules, targeted drugs show more accurate attack to cancer cells and less harmful damage to normal tissues. <sup>[4]</sup> The precision of targeting the cancer cells has enhanced the efficiency of treatment by a large margin. Targeted therapy is a major step forward for many cancers, especially advanced cancers, and physicians and researchers are now focusing on the development of targeted drugs, creating a new era of personalized cancer treatment. <sup>[5]</sup>Targeted therapy are so-called "personalized medicine" because health care professionals can use clinical test results from a patient to select a specific drug that has a higher likelihood of being effective for that particular person.</p>
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| − | <h2>Pre-diagnosis of targeted drugs treatment</h2>
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| − | <p>To create the new era of tailored targeted drugs, doctors must aim at appropriate target molecules for patients with particular diseases. In 2014, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a guidance to facilitate the development and review of diagnostics tests. The diagnostics tests are the steps to identify the abnormal cancer biomarkers. Moreover, the purpose of diagnostics tests are to help medical practitioners determine which patients could benefit from the certain drugs, conversely, those who should not receive the medication. If the treatment decisions is not optimal, it would not only cause the fatal body damage, but also lead to the waste of time, money and medical resources. FDA encourages the joint of targeted drugs therapies and precise diagnostics tests which are essential for the safe and effective use of targeted drugs.<sup>[6]</sup></p>
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| − | <p>According to the statistics, the usage rate of targeted drug therapy has increased within ten years. In Figure 2, in 2003, targeted drug therapy is not commonly used compared with other therapies, accounting for only 11% usage. Over one decade, it is estimated that the usage of targeted drug therapy dramatically increases to 46%. It indicates targeted drugs therapy is a potential growing field and will become the commonly used therapy in cancer treatments in the near future.</p>
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| − | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/e/e5/NCTU_Formosa_background_figure_2.png" height="400px"><br><br>
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| − | Figure 2. The usage of targeted drugs.
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| − | <h2>The concept of combination therapy</h2>
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| − | <p>Although targeted drugs treatments can lead to the dramatic regressions of solid tumors, the responses are often short-lived because resistant cancer cells arise after a period of treatment. The major strategy proposed for overcoming the resistance is combination therapy.<sup>[7]</sup> The clinical and preclinical researches further indicated that targeted drug therapy combined with another targeted drug therapy or other types of therapies to treat cancers simultaneously may attain greater effects than using only one therapy. With the concept of combination therapy, we can not only improve the treating effect but also reduce the occurrence of cancer cells resistance toward the targeted drugs as there are less probability that a single mutation will cause cross-resistance to both drugs.<sup>[8]</sup></p>
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| − | <b>Reference<br></b>
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| − | [1] Applications of single-chain variable fragment antibodies in therapeutics and diagnostics, Nina E. Weisser 1, J. Christopher Hall (2009)<a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0734975009000548">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0734975009000548</a> <br>
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| − | [2] Stability Engineering of Antibody Single-chain Fv Fragments, Arne WoÈ rn and Andreas PluÈ ckthun (2001)<a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022283600942657">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022283600942657</a> <br>
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| − | [3] From single- to multi-target drugs in cancer therapy: when aspecificity becomes an advantage.
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| − | 1Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment (IRCC), University of Turin Medical School (2008)<a href="http://www.eurekaselect.com/66364/article">http://www.eurekaselect.com/66364/article</a> <br>
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| − | [4] From single- to multi-target drugs in cancer therapy: when aspecificity becomes an advantage.
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| − | 1Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment (IRCC), University of Turin Medical School (2008)<a href="http://www.eurekaselect.com/66364/article">http://www.eurekaselect.com/66364/article</a> <br>
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| − | [5] Molecular-targeted agents combination therapy for cancer: Developments and potentials Feifei Li1,2,3, Changqi Zhao1,2 and Lili Wang3 Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China (2013)<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23649791">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23649791</a> <br>
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| − | [6] In vitro Companion Diagnostics Device, Guidance for Industry and Food and Drug Administration Staff document issued on: August 6, 2014<a href="http://www.fda.gov/downloads/medicaldevices/deviceregulationandguidance/guidancedocuments/ucm262327.pdf">http://www.fda.gov/downloads/medicaldevices/deviceregulationandguidance/guidancedocuments/ucm262327.pdf</a><br>
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| − | [7] Evolutionary dynamics of cancer in response to targeted combination therapy
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| − | Ivana Bozic, Johannes G Reiter, Benjamin Allen, Tibor Antal, Krishnendu Chatterjee,Preya Shah, Yo Sup Moon, Amin Yaqubie, Nicole Kelly, Dung T Le, Evan J Lipson, Paul BChapman, Luis A Diaz Jr, Bert Vogelstein, Martin A Nowak (2013)<a href="http://elifesciences.org/content/2/e00747">http://elifesciences.org/content/2/e00747</a> <br>
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| − | [8] Personalized Cancer Treatment, Patient Resource<a href="https://www.patientresource.com/Personalized_Treatment_Targeted_Therapy.aspx">https://www.patientresource.com/Personalized_Treatment_Targeted_Therapy.aspx</a><br>
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