Difference between revisions of "Team:HUST-China/Experiments"

Revision as of 13:27, 17 September 2015

Team:HUST-China:Modeling

Molecular Experiments
The protocol of experiment
The transformation of lipolytica
Verification Experiments

Molecular Experiments

1.Molecular Experiments Part in E.coli

We constructed following vectors carrying our parts and transformed these vectors into corresponding host strains.

Project Related
Part	Plasmid Construction	Transformation to Host Strain
ST1	JMP62	Yarrowia lipolytica JMY1212
ST2	JMP62	Yarrowia lipolytica JMY1212
ST3	JMP62	Yarrowia lipolytica JMY1212
ST12	JMP62	Yarrowia lipolytica JMY1212
ST13	JMP62	Yarrowia lipolytica JMY1212
ST23	JMP62	Yarrowia lipolytica JMY1212
ST123	JMP62	Yarrowia lipolytica JMY1212
ST1L3	JMP62	Yarrowia lipolytica JMY1212
XPR2-Mcfp-3	JMP62	Yarrowia lipolytica JMY1212
Mcfp-3	JMP62	Yarrowia lipolytica JMY1212
His-ST1	JMP62	Yarrowia lipolytica JMY1212
His-ST2	JMP62	Yarrowia lipolytica JMY1212
His-ST3	JMP62	Yarrowia lipolytica JMY1212
His-ST12	JMP62	Yarrowia lipolytica JMY1212
His-ST13	JMP62	Yarrowia lipolytica JMY1212
His-ST23	JMP62	Yarrowia lipolytica JMY1212
His-ST123	JMP62	Yarrowia lipolytica JMY1212
His-ST1L3	JMP62	Yarrowia lipolytica JMY1212
His-Mcfp-3	JMP62	Yarrowia lipolytica JMY1212
TT180	PSB1C3	E.coli.DH5α
TT240	PSB1C3	E.coli.DH5α
ROX1	PSB1C3	E.coli.DH5α
Php4d	PSB1C3	E.coli.DH5α
pGal1	PSB1C3	E.coli.DH5α
Panb1	PSB1C3	E.coli.DH5α
XPR2-Mcfp-3	PSB1C3	E.coli.DH5α
Development
Ptrp1-GFP	PSB1C3	E.coli.DH5α
Ptrp2-GFP	PSB1C3	E.coli.DH5α
Ptrp3-GFP	PSB1C3	E.coli.DH5α
Cooperation
CI	PSB1C3	E.coli.DH5α

2. The protocol of molecular experiment

(1) The PCR reaction system

Components (50uL)	Volume(uL)
PrimerStar Buffer	10
dNTPs(2.5mM)	4
Primer-F(10uM)	1
Primer-R(10uM)	1
Template	1
PrimerStar	0.5
ddH2O	32.5

To find the optimal temperature for our parts composite amplification, we set a gradient of annealing temperature. The result shows that 58℃ is suitable to the PCR.(Specific temperature according to different primers of components)

(2) The double enzyme digestion system (Q.cut)

Components (50uL)	Volume(uL)
10 x H buffer	5
EcoRI	1.5
PstI	1.5
ddH2O	1
Conditions	37℃ 30~40min

(3) The gene conjunction system

Components (10uL)	Volume(uL)
Solution I	5
Plasmid Skeleton	0.5
Insert Gene	4.5
Conditions	16℃ 1h

(4) Transforming the Plasmids into E. coli DH5a Strain

• The conjunction product was transformed into E. coli DH5a Strain. The strains were grown in LB plate medium containing 25ug/mL chloramphenicol at 37℃.

(5) Reaction System of Colony PCR validation

Components (10uL)	Volume(uL)
Es Taq Mix(2×)	5
Primer-F(10uM)	0.3
Primer-R(10uM)	0.3
ddH2O	4.4

3. The transformation of the Yarrowia lipolytica

(1) Linearize the plasmid by digestion

Unit：uL

Plasmid	30(plasmid in higher concentration)	50( plasmid in lower concentration)
10 x H buffer	6	8
Triton	6	8
10 x BSA	6	8
Not I	2	2
ddH2O	10	4
Total	60	80

Digest at 37℃ for 3 to 4 h

(2) Separate the digested product by agarose gel electrophoresis. The larger size of fragment should be extracted.
（The digested product should be in high concentration because of the low transformation rate of the Yarrowia lipolytica）

(3) Transformation (one-step protocol)
a) Inoculate the Yarrowia lipolytica into YPD medium (5mL). Incubate for 16 to 20 hr at 28℃ with vigourous shaking.
b) Divide the yeast culture suspension in 1.5mL centrifuge tubes (each tube for 1.4mL liquid) ( All the operations should be in sterile environment.) Pellet the suspension by centrifugation at 12000rpm for 2min. Decant the medium and discard.
c) Preparation of one-step transformation mixture solution

PEG 40%	90uL
DTT	5uL
LiCl2	5uL
Total	100uL

(The solutions can be mixed in 1.5mL sterilized centrifuge tube. All the operations should be in sterile environment.)

(4) Add 90uL mixture and 10uL linearized plasmid in teach tube (from step 2) and mix.（All the operations should be in sterile environment.）

(5) Incubate for 1hr at 39℃ in water bath.

(6) Coat the mixture on the YNBDcasein plate，incubate for 1.5 to 2 days at 28℃.

(7) Pick the transformants.

(8) Extract yeast transformants’ genome
a) Inoculate the Yarrowia lipolytica into YPD medium (5mL). Incubate for 16 to 20 hr at 28℃ with vigourous shaking.
b) Aspirate 2mL yeasty suspension in centrifuge tube. Centrifuge at 12000rpm for 2min. Decant the medium and discard.
c) Add 500 ~1000uL sterilized water. Mix and suspend the sediment. Centrifuge at 12000rpm for 1min. Decant the medium and discard.
d) Add 200uL Trition/SDS and suspend the mixture by vortex oscillator.
e) Add 0.2~0.3g acid-washed glass beads and mix them by vortex oscillator.
f) Add 200uL phenol / chloroform / ISO (use the substratum). Mix for 1~2min by vortex oscillator.
g) Add 200uL TE (pH 8.0). Shake fast and mix.
h) Centrifuge at 12000rpm for 10min.
i) Cut the cusp of the pipette tip. Use the cut tip to carefully aspirate the supernatant to a new 1.5mL centrifuge tube.
j) Add 1mL absolute ethyl alcohol in the supernatant and mix. Stand the mixture for 0.5 to 1hr at-20℃ (white sediments will form ).
k) Centrifuge at 12000rpm for 10min and discard the supernatant.
l) Stand the tube at 37℃ to dry the ethyl alcohol until the white sediments turn transparent and the smell of alcohol die out.
m) Dissolve the sediments with 30 to 50ul sterilized water.

Verification Experiments

Part 1:optical control system

1. β-galactosidase activity assay to verify optical control system Material:
（1）Y187 containing with plasmid PRMH120 and wild-type Y187
（2）1M Na2CO3，ONPG，β-ME，YPDA liquid medium, SD/-Trp liquid medium
（3）Z-buffer：0.04M NaH2PO4, 0.06M Na2HPO4, 0.001M MgSO4, 0.01M KCl
（4）Z-buffer/β-ME: Per 10mL Z-buffer with 27ul β-ME
（5）4mg/mL ONPG: 0.008gONPG dissolved in 2mLZ-buffer/β-ME

Procedure:

(1) Pick up 3 colonies of Y187 containing with PRMH120 and separately inoculate them in 2mL SD/-Trp liquid medium. Fully mix the medium and the colony and split the mixture in 2 tubes (each contains 1mL mixture). One is cultivated in light environment; the other is cultivated in dark environment. Both are inoculated at 28℃ for 16-18 hr with shaking. Pick up 2 colonies of wild-type Y187, and separately inoculate them in 2mL YPDA medium. Fully mix the medium and the colony and split the mixture in 2 tubes (each contains 1mL mixture). One is cultivated in light environment; the other is cultivated in dark environment. Both are inoculated at 28℃ for 16-18 hr with shaking.
(2) Add 250ul above-mentioned culture in 2mLYPDA liquid medium（in 20mL small glass bottle）. Each colony is split to 3 bottles. Inoculate them at 28℃ with shaking (200rpm) for 5h.
(3) Pellet 2mL culture by centrifugation at 12000rpm for 30s. Discard the supernatant.
(4) Add 2mL Z-buffer and resuspend. Centrifuge the mixture at 1200rpm for 30s and discard the supernatant.
(5) Add 300ul Z-buffer and resuspend. Add 0.2-0.3g pickling glass beads and vibrate them by vortexing for 2 min.
(6) Cool the mixture with liquid nitrogen for 30s and warm them with water bath at 37℃. Repeat this procedure 3 times. Vibrate them by vortexing for 2 min. (determine the OD at 600 nm)
(7) Aspirate 100ul mixture to a new centrifuge tube. Add 700ul Z-buffer/β-ME and 200ul ONPG. Fully mix. Warm it at 30℃ in water bath and do the timekeeping until yellow substance appear. Add 400ul 1M Na2CO3 and fully mix to stop the reaction.
(8) Centrifuge the mixture at 1200rpm for 2min. Aspirate the supernatant and add them to 96-well plates (200ul for each well). Use the Multiskan Spectrum to determine the absorbance.

Enzyme-activity unit (U) = 1000*OD420/(OD600*V) *TIME *Dilution Ratio

100ul min 14

1 U：The amount that one cell catalyzes the conversion of 1ul mol substrate (ONPG) per minute.

Unit：Miller

Part 2: verication of cell surface display

1.fluorescence immunoassay to verify the cell surface display
(1) The fermentation of recombinant yeast
(2) Aspirate 1mL culture to an Erlenmeyer flask with 50mL YPD. Inoculate the culture at 28℃ with shaking (rotate speed:200rpm) till the OD600 is between 0.4 and 0.6.
(3) Aspirate 1mL cell suspension to centrifuge tube. Pellet the suspension by centrifugation at 2000rpm, 4℃,1min. Discard the supernatant.
(4) Use 1mL PBS buffer (pH=7.4) to resuspend the cells. Pellet the suspension by centrifugation at 2000rpm, 4℃ for 1 min. Discard the supernatant. Repeat this step twice.
(5) Resuspend the cells with 50uL PBS buffer，add 1uL mouse anti-His-6 tag monoclonal antibody. Seal the centrifuge tube the parafilm.
(6) Blend the cell suspension. Put the tube in the ice for 2 hr’s standing (blend the suspension with inverting at times during the 2 hr) or overnight standing for 4℃.
(7) Pellet the suspension by centrifugation at 2000rpm, 4℃ for 1 min. Discard the supernatant.
(8) Use 1mL PBS buffer (pH=7.4) to resuspend the cells. Pellet the suspension by centrifugation at 2000rpm, 4℃ for 1 min. Discard the supernatant. Repeat this step twice.
(9) Resuspend the cells with 100μL PBS buffer，add 1μL FITC tagged goat anti-mouse IgG antiantibody.
(10) Blend the suspension. Seal the centrifuge tube the parafilm and wrap it with tinfoil. Put the tube in the ice and incubate the cells for 1~2h (blend the suspension with inverting at times during the period).
(11) Pellet the suspension by centrifugation at 2000rpm, 4℃ for 1 min. Discard the supernatant. Repeat this step twice.
(12) Suspend the cells with 50μL PBS. Aspirate 8μL suspension to the slide. Cover it with coverslip. Use the fluorescence microscopy to observe under the excitation light of 492nm.

The preparation of PBS pH7.4:
NaCl 8.00g/L
KCl 8.00 g/L
Na2HPO4 3.58g/L
KH2PO4 0.244g/L
Use sterile filter membrane (pore size=0.22 um) to filtrate bacteria.

2.The study of yeast’s silica-binding protein surface display on the glass slide

(1) Preparations
a) Preparation of the buffer：About 300mL 25 mM Tris-HCl (pH= 7.5)
b) Preparation of the object slide ：We invent an observing method in which we use scotch tape to divide the slide into small chambers. It solved the problem of counting the amounts of cells in unit area. It can also use the tension to reduce droplet thickness so that it is more convenient to do microscopic examination. The experience show that after the mid-speed flow form tap washing and wiped by lens paper，the slide has no bacteria remains according to the microscopic examination. It has no influence on the results of experiments. The effectiveness is excellent. We think this method is outstanding and should be extended.

(2) Procedures
a) Inoculate 50 mL culture in 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask overnight. Add 1.5 mL culture to each EP column (2 columns for experimental group and control group). Adjust the bacteria density to approximately the same and mix the culture.
b) Aspirate the about 4.7 to 4.8 ul culture and drop it in the small chambers of the slide. Experimental group and control group both have three slides.
c) Do the microscopic examination immediately. If the densities of what are similar, stand the slides for 10 min. The samples should stay moist during this 10 min. If they are drying, add 1ul buffer. Take pictures and count the amounts of bacteria before washing.
d) Put the slide into the culture dish with buffer（The component of the buffer: 25 mM Tris-HCl [pH 7.5]3.5 NaCl）. Shake genteelly. After 5 to 10 min shaking, take the slides out flatly. Oversee them under the microscope. Compare the experimental group with control group. Take pictures and count the accounts of bacteria after washing. Compare the accounts of bacteria before and after washing. Analyze the changes.

Part 3: verification of flocculating protein secretion

SDS-PAGE for flocculating protein

The SDS-PAGE protocol:

Stock Solutions:
1) 1.5M TrisHCl pH 8.3 + 0.4% SDS (adjust pH before you add the SDS). Keep RT.
2) 30% Acrylamide 0.8% Methylene bis Acrylamide or 40% Acrylamide / Methylene bis Acrylamide (ratio: 37.5:1). Keep 4°C
3) 0.5M TrisHCl pH 6.8+ 0.4% SDS (adjust pH before you add the SDS). Keep RT.
4) 10% Ammonium Persulfate (APS). Keep 4°C less than 1 month.

Running Buffer x5

Trizma	0.125M	15.1gr
Glycine	0.96M	72.0gr
SDS	0.5%	5.0gr
ddH2O up to		1 liter

Keep at RT

Dissolving (Sample) Buffer x5

Glycerol	5mL
SDS	1gr
ß Mercapto Ethanol (or 0.25M DTT)	2.56mL
0.5M TrisHCl pH 6.8+ 0.4% SDS	2.13mL
Bromo Phenol Blue	traces

Keep in aliquots of 1mL at -20C

Separating Gel:

% Acrylamide	10%	10%	12%	12%	15%
Number of Minigels	5	8	5	8	5
1.5M TrisHCl pH 8.3 + 0.4% SDS	7.0 mL	10.5 mL	7.0 mL	10.5 mL	7.0 mL
30% Acrylamide 0.8% Methylene bis Acrylamide	9.3 mL	13.9 mL	11.3 mL	16.9 mL	13.9 mL
H2O	12.3 mL	18.4 mL	9.3 mL	13.9 mL	6.3 mL
10% APS	100 uL	150 uL	100 uL	150 uL	100 uL
TEMED	23 uL	35 uL	23 uL	35 uL	23 uL

% Acrylamide	10%	10%	12%	12%	15%
Number of Minigels	5	8	5	8	5
1.5M TrisHCl pH 8.3 + 0.4% SDS	7.0 mL	10.5 mL	7.0 mL	10.5 mL	7.0 mL
40% Acrylamide / Methylene bis Acrylamide (ratio: 37.5:1)	7.2 mL	10.8 mL	8.6 mL	12.9 mL	10.8 mL
H2O	14.4 mL	21.5 mL	12 mL	17.9 mL	9.4 mL
10% APS	100 uL	150 uL	100 uL	150 uL	100 uL
TEMED	23 uL	35 uL	23 uL	35 uL	23 uL

Add TEMED and APS at the end. Gently swirl the flask to mix, being careful not to generate bubbles. Pipette the solution to a level of 4cm of the top. Add 0.3mL of n-buthanol. A very sharp liquid interface will be visible within 10-20min. Let polymerize the gel for another hour at least. Rinse the surface of the gel with watter before pouring the stacking gel.

Stacking Gel :

Number of Minigels	2	5	8
0.5M TrisHCl pH 6.8 + 0.4% SDS	2.5 mL	4.0 mL	5.2 mL
30% Acrylamide 0.8% Methylene bis Acrylamide	1.0 mL	1.5 mL	2.0 mL
H2O	6.4 mL	9.6 mL	12.8 mL
10% APS	100 uL	150 uL	200 uL
TEMED	10 uL	15 uL	20 uL

Number of Minigels	2	5	8
0.5M TrisHCl pH 6.8 + 0.4% SDS	2.5 mL	4.0 mL	5.2 mL
40% Acrylamide / Methylene bis Acrylamide (ratio: 37.5:1)	0.75 mL	1.1 mL	1.4 mL
H2O	6.6 mL	10 mL	13.4 mL
10% APS	100 uL	150 uL	200 uL
TEMED	10 uL	15 uL	20 uL

Fill each sandwich with stacking gel solution and insert a comb into each place taking care not to trap any bubbles bellow the teeth. The gel should fully polymerized after 1hour. Cover gel with a nylon wrap. Keep gels no more than 2 weeks at 4°C.

Sample Preparation

Prior to adding the sample buffer, keep samples at 0°C. Add the SDS sample buffer (RT) to the sample (still on ice), and boil at 100°C immediately 3 to 5 min. Do not leave the sample in SDS sample buffer without heating; endogenous proteases are very active in SDS sample buffer and can cause severe degradation. Once heated, sample could sit at RT for a short time until loading, or at -20°C for a long time.
For a gel thickness of 0.75mm and 15 wells applied 10-25ug protein of a complex mixture, when staining with Coomasie Blue and 0.5 to 5ug for samples for one or few proteins. If silver stain is used 10 to 100-fold less protein can be used.
Samples can be concentrated or interferences (salts, etc.) eliminated with TCA, acetone, TCA-DOC, ethanol, etc. (see attached Protocol). Potassium ions in particular must be removed since they precipitate the SDS.
Some proteins such as nuclear non-histone proteins and membrane proteins, require the presence of 8M urea in the SDS sample buffer to get complete solubilization.
Some membrane bound proteins undergo aggregation at temperatures above 40-50°C. In this case incubate 30min at 40°C with sample buffer.
A shift in the migration distances of proteins with internal disulfide bridges could be observed by incubating samples in SDS in the presence or absence of reducing agents (mercaptoethanol, DTT, DTE, etc)

Staining Solution :

Methanol CP	500mL	50%
Acetic Acid CP	100mL	10%
H2O	400mL
Coomasie Brilliant Blue R	2.5gr	0.25%

Keep flask on dark at RT

Destaining Solution:

Methanol CP	150mL	15%
Acetic Acid CP	100mL	10%
H2O	750mL

Keep flask on dark at RT

Stain overnight at RT or put gel with staining solution 8 sec in microwave on the high position, and then shake for another 15min at RT. Wash with water 2-3 times and distain by several changes of destaining solution in the presence of a sponge.

Part 4:The test of microbial cement sand column

Hypotheses and theoretical basis

1. Hypotheses
Silica-binding protein has long self-decomposition time. It can bind with sand and form products visible for naked eyes.The strain will not decompose in large amount within a short time.
2. Theories Scientific literatures show that calcite produced by microorganism can hold loose particles together and form intensified units. This quality of calcite is wildly applied in many fields, such as improving mechanical property and permeability of porous materials, repairing cement-based materials, etc.
Si-tag1+2+3 protein binding with silicon will help attach our strain to sand and rocks. Flocculation protein Mcfp3 will co-function with Si-tag123 to further flocculate the substrates. Therefore, we used the yeasts transformed Si-tag123-PZS and Mcfp3-PZS plasmid to modify its function.
Our engineering strain expresses silicon-binding protein, flocculation protein, and generates CO2 to form CaCO3 with Ca2+, which is more advantageous in forming calcite comparing with natural microorganism.

Procedure:

1. Build experimental device: constant flow pump, iron support, glass syringe, quartz sand(4g 100 mesh particle and 36g 60 mesh particle ) gauze, latex tube.
2. Keep the experiment temperature at 28 Celsius degree.
3.Cushion the glass syringe with 0.5cm gauze. Add fine sand. Rinse with distilled water. Remove bubbles from the sand. Put 1cm gauze on the top.
4.Add 15mL yeast solution to the syringe at maximum speed. Seal process for 2 hours. Add 20mL 1:1 mixture of tris-hcl(PH7-7.5) and calcium chloride(1mol/L) to the syringe. Seal process for 3 hours.
5.Repeat procedure 4 for 20 times. Demold. Rinse with distilled water. Remove the top gauze. Dry out the glass syringe in drying oven at 120 Celsius degree.
6.Remove the syringe from drying oven after 24 hours. Compare with the control group.
7.Use wild yeasts as control group and follow the same procedure with the experimental group.

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   <p>(4) Transforming the Plasmids into E. coli DH5a Strain</p>
-<p>•	The conjunction product was transformed into E. coli DH5a Strain. The strains were grown in LB plate medium containing 25ug/ml chloramphenicol at 37℃.</p>
+<p>•	The conjunction product was transformed into E. coli DH5a Strain. The strains were grown in LB plate medium containing 25ug/mL chloramphenicol at 37℃.</p>
 <p>(5) Reaction System of Colony PCR validation</p>
@@ Line 687: / Line 687: @@
 <p>
 (3) Transformation (one-step protocol)<br>
-a)	Inoculate the Yarrowia lipolytica into YPD medium (5ml). Incubate for 16 to 20 hr at 28℃ with vigourous shaking.<br>
+a)	Inoculate the Yarrowia lipolytica into YPD medium (5mL). Incubate for 16 to 20 hr at 28℃ with vigourous shaking.<br>
-b)	Divide the yeast culture suspension in 1.5mL centrifuge tubes (each tube for 1.4ml liquid) ( All the operations should be in sterile environment.) Pellet the suspension by centrifugation at 12000rpm for 2min. Decant the medium and discard.<br>
+b)	Divide the yeast culture suspension in 1.5mL centrifuge tubes (each tube for 1.4mL liquid) ( All the operations should be in sterile environment.) Pellet the suspension by centrifugation at 12000rpm for 2min. Decant the medium and discard.<br>
 c) Preparation of one-step transformation mixture solution<br>
 </p>
@@ Line 718: / Line 718: @@
 <p>(7) Pick the transformants.</p>
 <p>(8) Extract yeast transformants’ genome<br>
-a)	Inoculate the Yarrowia lipolytica into YPD medium (5ml). Incubate for 16 to 20 hr at 28℃ with vigourous shaking.<br>
+a)	Inoculate the Yarrowia lipolytica into YPD medium (5mL). Incubate for 16 to 20 hr at 28℃ with vigourous shaking.<br>
-b)	Aspirate 2ml yeasty suspension in centrifuge tube. Centrifuge at 12000rpm for 2min. Decant the medium and discard. <br/>
+b)	Aspirate 2mL yeasty suspension in centrifuge tube. Centrifuge at 12000rpm for 2min. Decant the medium and discard. <br/>
 c)	Add 500 ~1000uL sterilized water. Mix and suspend the sediment. Centrifuge at 12000rpm for 1min. Decant the medium and discard. <br/>
 d)	Add 200uL Trition/SDS and suspend the mixture by vortex oscillator. <br/>
@@ Line 744: / Line 744: @@
 （2）1M Na2CO3，ONPG，β-ME，YPDA liquid medium, SD/-Trp liquid medium<br>
 （3）Z-buffer：0.04M NaH2PO4, 0.06M Na2HPO4, 0.001M MgSO4, 0.01M KCl<br>
-（4）Z-buffer/β-ME: Per 10ml Z-buffer with 27ul β-ME<br>
+（4）Z-buffer/β-ME: Per 10mL Z-buffer with 27ul β-ME<br>
-（5）4mg/ml ONPG: 0.008gONPG dissolved in 2mlZ-buffer/β-ME<br>
+（5）4mg/mL ONPG: 0.008gONPG dissolved in 2mLZ-buffer/β-ME<br>
 </p>
 <p>Procedure: </p>
 <p>
-(1) Pick up 3 colonies of Y187 containing with PRMH120 and separately inoculate them in 2ml SD/-Trp liquid medium. Fully mix the medium and the colony and split the mixture in 2 tubes (each contains 1ml mixture). One is cultivated in light environment; the other is cultivated in dark environment. Both are inoculated at 28℃ for 16-18 hr with shaking. Pick up 2 colonies of wild-type Y187, and separately inoculate them in 2ml YPDA medium. Fully mix the medium and the colony and split the mixture in 2 tubes (each contains 1ml mixture). One is cultivated in light environment; the other is cultivated in dark environment. Both are inoculated at 28℃ for 16-18 hr with shaking. <br>
+(1) Pick up 3 colonies of Y187 containing with PRMH120 and separately inoculate them in 2mL SD/-Trp liquid medium. Fully mix the medium and the colony and split the mixture in 2 tubes (each contains 1mL mixture). One is cultivated in light environment; the other is cultivated in dark environment. Both are inoculated at 28℃ for 16-18 hr with shaking. Pick up 2 colonies of wild-type Y187, and separately inoculate them in 2mL YPDA medium. Fully mix the medium and the colony and split the mixture in 2 tubes (each contains 1mL mixture). One is cultivated in light environment; the other is cultivated in dark environment. Both are inoculated at 28℃ for 16-18 hr with shaking. <br>
-(2) Add 250ul above-mentioned culture in 2mlYPDA liquid medium（in 20ml small glass bottle）. Each colony is split to 3 bottles. Inoculate them at 28℃ with shaking (200rpm) for 5h. <br>
+(2) Add 250ul above-mentioned culture in 2mLYPDA liquid medium（in 20mL small glass bottle）. Each colony is split to 3 bottles. Inoculate them at 28℃ with shaking (200rpm) for 5h. <br>
-(3) Pellet 2ml culture by centrifugation at 12000rpm for 30s. Discard the supernatant. <br>
+(3) Pellet 2mL culture by centrifugation at 12000rpm for 30s. Discard the supernatant. <br>
-(4) Add 2ml Z-buffer and resuspend. Centrifuge the mixture at 1200rpm for 30s and discard the supernatant. <br>
+(4) Add 2mL Z-buffer and resuspend. Centrifuge the mixture at 1200rpm for 30s and discard the supernatant. <br>
 (5) Add 300ul Z-buffer and resuspend. Add 0.2-0.3g pickling glass beads and vibrate them by vortexing for 2 min. <br>
 (6) Cool the mixture with liquid nitrogen for 30s and warm them with water bath at 37℃. Repeat this procedure 3 times. Vibrate them by vortexing for 2 min. (determine the OD at 600 nm) <br>
@@ Line 766: / Line 766: @@
 .fluorescence immunoassay to verify the cell surface display <br>
 (1)	The fermentation of recombinant yeast<br>
-(2)	Aspirate 1ml culture to an Erlenmeyer flask with 50ml YPD. Inoculate the culture at 28℃ with shaking (rotate speed:200rpm) till the OD600 is between 0.4 and 0.6. <br>
+(2)	Aspirate 1mL culture to an Erlenmeyer flask with 50mL YPD. Inoculate the culture at 28℃ with shaking (rotate speed:200rpm) till the OD600 is between 0.4 and 0.6. <br>
-(3)	Aspirate 1ml cell suspension to centrifuge tube. Pellet the suspension by centrifugation at 2000rpm, 4℃,1min. Discard the supernatant. <br>
+(3)	Aspirate 1mL cell suspension to centrifuge tube. Pellet the suspension by centrifugation at 2000rpm, 4℃,1min. Discard the supernatant. <br>
-(4)	Use 1ml PBS buffer (pH=7.4) to resuspend the cells. Pellet the suspension by centrifugation at 2000rpm, 4℃ for 1 min. Discard the supernatant. Repeat this step twice. <br>
+(4)	Use 1mL PBS buffer (pH=7.4) to resuspend the cells. Pellet the suspension by centrifugation at 2000rpm, 4℃ for 1 min. Discard the supernatant. Repeat this step twice. <br>
 (5)	Resuspend the cells with 50uL PBS buffer，add 1uL mouse anti-His-6 tag monoclonal antibody. Seal the centrifuge tube the parafilm. <br>
 (6)	Blend the cell suspension. Put the tube in the ice for 2 hr’s standing (blend the suspension with inverting at times during the 2 hr) or overnight standing for 4℃.<br>
 (7)	Pellet the suspension by centrifugation at 2000rpm, 4℃ for 1 min. Discard the supernatant. <br>
-(8)	Use 1ml PBS buffer (pH=7.4) to resuspend the cells. Pellet the suspension by centrifugation at 2000rpm, 4℃ for 1 min. Discard the supernatant. Repeat this step twice. <br>
+(8)	Use 1mL PBS buffer (pH=7.4) to resuspend the cells. Pellet the suspension by centrifugation at 2000rpm, 4℃ for 1 min. Discard the supernatant. Repeat this step twice. <br>
 (9)	Resuspend the cells with 100μL PBS buffer，add 1μL FITC tagged goat anti-mouse IgG antiantibody. <br>
 (10)	 Blend the suspension. Seal the centrifuge tube the parafilm and wrap it with tinfoil.   Put the tube in the ice and incubate the cells for 1~2h (blend the suspension with  inverting at times during the period). <br>
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 <p>
 (1)	Preparations <br>
-a)	Preparation of the buffer：About 300ml 25 mM Tris-HCl (pH= 7.5) <br>
+a)	Preparation of the buffer：About 300mL 25 mM Tris-HCl (pH= 7.5) <br>
 b) Preparation of the object slide ：We invent an observing method in which we use scotch tape to divide the slide into small chambers. It solved the problem of counting the amounts of cells in unit area. It can also use the tension to reduce droplet thickness so that it is more convenient to do microscopic examination. The experience show that after the mid-speed flow form tap washing and wiped by lens paper，the slide has no bacteria remains according to the microscopic examination. It has no influence on the results of experiments. The effectiveness is excellent. We think this method is outstanding and should be extended. </p>
 <p> (2) Procedures  <br>
-a)	Inoculate 50 ml culture in 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask overnight. Add 1.5 ml culture to each EP column (2 columns for experimental group and control group). Adjust the bacteria density to approximately the same and mix the culture. <br>
+a)	Inoculate 50 mL culture in 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask overnight. Add 1.5 mL culture to each EP column (2 columns for experimental group and control group). Adjust the bacteria density to approximately the same and mix the culture. <br>
 b)	Aspirate the about 4.7 to 4.8 ul culture and drop it in the small chambers of the slide. Experimental group and control group both have three slides. <br>
 c)	Do the microscopic examination immediately. If the densities of what are similar, stand the slides for 10 min.  The samples should stay moist during this 10 min. If they are drying, add 1ul buffer. Take pictures and count the amounts of bacteria before washing. <br>
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-<p>Keep in aliquots of 1ml at -20C</p>
+<p>Keep in aliquots of 1mL at -20C</p>
 <p>Separating Gel: </p>
@@ Line 982: / Line 982: @@
 		</table>
-<p>Add TEMED and APS at the end. Gently swirl the flask to mix, being careful not to generate bubbles. Pipette the solution to a level of 4cm of the top. Add 0.3ml of n-buthanol. A very sharp liquid interface will be visible within 10-20min. Let polymerize the gel for another hour at least. Rinse the surface of the gel with watter before pouring the stacking gel. </p>
+<p>Add TEMED and APS at the end. Gently swirl the flask to mix, being careful not to generate bubbles. Pipette the solution to a level of 4cm of the top. Add 0.3mL of n-buthanol. A very sharp liquid interface will be visible within 10-20min. Let polymerize the gel for another hour at least. Rinse the surface of the gel with watter before pouring the stacking gel. </p>
@@ Line 1,149: / Line 1,149: @@
 . Keep the experiment temperature at 28 Celsius degree.<br>
 .Cushion the glass syringe with 0.5cm gauze. Add fine sand. Rinse with distilled water. Remove bubbles from the sand. Put 1cm gauze on the top. <br>
-.Add 15mL yeast solution to the syringe at maximum speed. Seal process for 2 hours. Add 20ml 1:1 mixture of tris-hcl(PH7-7.5) and calcium chloride(1mol/L) to the syringe. Seal process for 3 hours. <br>
+.Add 15mL yeast solution to the syringe at maximum speed. Seal process for 2 hours. Add 20mL 1:1 mixture of tris-hcl(PH7-7.5) and calcium chloride(1mol/L) to the syringe. Seal process for 3 hours. <br>
 .Repeat procedure 4 for 20 times. Demold. Rinse with distilled water. Remove the top gauze. Dry out the glass syringe in drying oven at 120 Celsius degree. <br>
 .Remove the syringe from drying oven after 24 hours. Compare with the control group. <br>7.Use wild yeasts as control group and follow the same procedure with the experimental group.
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