Difference between revisions of "Team:Warwick/Modelling1"
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+ | {{Warwick}} | ||
+ | <html> | ||
+ | <br> | ||
+ | <div class="alert alert-warning" role="alert"> | ||
+ | This page contains mathematical equations using MathML. Most browsers support it (Safari, Firefox, IE, etc.) but Chrome does not. If you are using Chrome, please consider viewing this page in an alternative browser. | ||
+ | </div> | ||
+ | <h2>Collaborations</h2> | ||
+ | <h3>I. Brixells modeling (<i>University of Warwick</i>)</h3> | ||
+ | <p><a href="https://2015.igem.org/Team:Warwick">Team Warwick</a> has shown interest in our offer to help in modeling and quantitative analysis that we have posted on the <a href="http://almaaslab.nt.ntnu.no/igem_matchmaker/">iGEM Matchmaker</a>. <a href="https://2015.igem.org/Team:Warwick">Team Warwick</a> is aiming to provide precision control over spatial arrangement of cells by designing a tool that enables drawing and building with them.</p> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <p> | ||
+ | Zinc finger proteins are intracellular molecules which recognize and bind unique dsDNA sequences. We have engineered these proteins to be expressed on the surface of an E. coli cell, such that dsDNA can be used as mortar to cement cells together. <a href="https://2015.igem.org/Team:Warwick">Team Warwick</a> plans to demonstrate this principle by assembling fluorescent cells onto a 2D surface and producing microscopic images, with the ultimate goal being to build complex 3D structures comprised of different cell types. This level of control over cellular localisation is useful in multiple fields including research into cell-cell interactions in microbial communities, multicellularity, and the construction of 3D cell structures in tissue engineering.</p> | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | <p>The collaboration focused on two elements: | ||
+ | <ol> | ||
+ | <li>Calculating the <b>probability of formation</b>, including the probability of E. Coli bonding correctly.</p> | ||
+ | <li>Calculating the <b>effect of arm length on structure changes</b> increases. This has been motivated by the observation that the longer the arms the higher the likelihood that the e.coli cells can attach because they are less closely packed and such wouldn't get in each others way.</li> | ||
+ | </ol> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <p>There are many methods to look at this kind of problems, but the most realistic may require huge computational resources. So it is necessary to find an approach that is experimentally relevant, computationally tractable, and reflecting the biophysics underlying Brixells.</p> | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | <p>We, <a href="https://2015.igem.org/Team:NTNU_Trondheim">Team NTNU Trondheim</a> have offered ideas, modeling frameworks, software simulation, and data analysis to answer these questions, based on <i>information theory</i> and <i>thermodynamics</i>. For Problem 1, we have suggested an approach in terms of binding affinity and specificity where the information entropy is used as a measure of specificity. For Problem 2, we have suggested a thermodynamics approach using the Poisson-Boltzmann theory where the zinc fingers and E. Coli are approximated by a set of beads (one large bead for the E. Coli, small beads for each zinc finger, and a rod of beads for the DNA arm. <a href="https://2015.igem.org/Team:Warwick">Team Warwick</a> has been enthusiastic about this approach since it is a stochastic method that they have not considered, and they have provided that us with data related to the geometry of E. Coli-arm formation.</p> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <h4>I.1) Probability of bond formation</h4> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <p>The probability of bond formation <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>P</mi></math> is equal for all different types of fingers <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>i</mi></math> can be expressed as the product of the probability of formation for each zinc finger <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msub><mi>P</mi><mi>i</mi></msub> </math>:</p> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mi>P</mi> | ||
+ | <mo stretchy="false">=</mo> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <munder> | ||
+ | <mo stretchy="false">∏</mo> | ||
+ | <mi>i</mi> | ||
+ | </munder> | ||
+ | <msub> | ||
+ | <mi>P</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>i</mi> | ||
+ | </msub> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </math> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <p>This is a clear measure of how strong the structure is.</p> | ||
+ | <p>The probability of formation for a zinc finger <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>i</mi></math> is expressed as a function of the specificity.</p> | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <msub> | ||
+ | <mi>P</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>i</mi> | ||
+ | </msub> | ||
+ | <mo stretchy="false">=</mo> | ||
+ | <mfrac> | ||
+ | <msub> | ||
+ | <mi>S</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>i</mi> | ||
+ | </msub> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mi>W</mi> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mo fence="true" stretchy="false">(</mo> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <msub> | ||
+ | <mi>S</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>i</mi> | ||
+ | </msub> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | <mo fence="true" stretchy="false">)</mo> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </mfrac> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </math> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <p>where <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>W</mi></math> is the product log function and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msub><mi>S</mi><mi>i</mi></msub></math> is the specificity which is the information theoretical "mutual information", and is expressed as follows:</p> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <msub> | ||
+ | <mi>S</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>i</mi> | ||
+ | </msub> | ||
+ | <mo stretchy="false">=</mo> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <munder> | ||
+ | <mo stretchy="false">∑</mo> | ||
+ | <mi>j</mi> | ||
+ | </munder> | ||
+ | <mfrac> | ||
+ | <msub> | ||
+ | <mi>K</mi> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mi>i</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>,</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>j</mi> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </msub> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <munder> | ||
+ | <mo stretchy="false">∑</mo> | ||
+ | <mi>j</mi> | ||
+ | </munder> | ||
+ | <msub> | ||
+ | <mi>K</mi> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mi>i</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>,</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>j</mi> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </msub> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </mfrac> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | <mi>ln</mi> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mo fence="true" stretchy="false">(</mo> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mfrac> | ||
+ | <msub> | ||
+ | <mi>K</mi> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mi>i</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>,</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>j</mi> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </msub> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mo fence="true" stretchy="false">⟨</mo> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <msub> | ||
+ | <mi>K</mi> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mi>i</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>,</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>j</mi> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </msub> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | <mo fence="true" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </mfrac> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | <mo fence="true" stretchy="false">)</mo> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </math> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <p>That calculates the specificity of one zinc finger, i.e. how well a zinc finger binds specifically to an arm when it is competing with other zinc fingers. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <msub> | ||
+ | <mi>K</mi> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mi>i</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>,</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>j</mi> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </msub></math> is the binding affinity of zinc finger <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>i</mi></math> specifically to arm <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>j</mi></math>.</p> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <p>The binding affinity is related to the binding probability <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <msubsup> | ||
+ | <mi>P</mi> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mi>i</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>,</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>j</mi> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | <mi mathvariant="italic">bound</mi> | ||
+ | </msubsup></math> according to the following equation:</p> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <msubsup> | ||
+ | <mi>P</mi> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mi>i</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>,</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>j</mi> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | <mi mathvariant="italic">bound</mi> | ||
+ | </msubsup> | ||
+ | <mo stretchy="false">=</mo> | ||
+ | <mfrac> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mo fence="true" stretchy="false">[</mo> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <msub> | ||
+ | <mi>F</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>i</mi> | ||
+ | </msub> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | <mo fence="true" stretchy="false">]</mo> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mo fence="true" stretchy="false">[</mo> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <msub> | ||
+ | <mi>F</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>i</mi> | ||
+ | </msub> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | <mo fence="true" stretchy="false">]</mo> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | <mo stretchy="false">+</mo> | ||
+ | <msub> | ||
+ | <mi>K</mi> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mi>i</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>,</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>j</mi> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </msub> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </mfrac> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </math> | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | <p>where <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <msub> | ||
+ | <mi>A</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>i</mi> | ||
+ | </msub></math> is the the arm <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>i</mi></math> and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <msub> | ||
+ | <mi>F</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>j</mi> | ||
+ | </msub></math> is the the finger <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>j</mi></math>, which are governed by the following ligand-binding reaction:</p> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <msub> | ||
+ | <mi>A</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>i</mi> | ||
+ | </msub> | ||
+ | <mo stretchy="false">+</mo> | ||
+ | <msub> | ||
+ | <mi>F</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>j</mi> | ||
+ | </msub> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | <mo stretchy="false">⇔</mo> | ||
+ | <msub> | ||
+ | <mi>A</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>i</mi> | ||
+ | </msub> | ||
+ | <msub> | ||
+ | <mi>F</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>j</mi> | ||
+ | </msub> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </math> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <p> </p> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <h4>I.2) Effect of arm length</h4> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <p>In order to account for the arm length. It is important to express the binding affinity to the geometry of the system consisting of one arm and one zinc finger. We dropp the indices <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>i</mi></math> and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>j</mi></math> in the following for simplicity. </p> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <msub> | ||
+ | <mi>K</mi> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mi>i</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>,</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>j</mi> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </msub> | ||
+ | <mo stretchy="false">=</mo> | ||
+ | <msup> | ||
+ | <mi>e</mi> | ||
+ | <mfrac> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mi mathvariant="normal">-Δ</mi> | ||
+ | <msub> | ||
+ | <mi>G</mi> | ||
+ | </msub> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | <mi mathvariant="italic">RT</mi> | ||
+ | </mfrac> | ||
+ | </msup> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </math> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <p>We approximate the bacteria, the zinc fingers, and the DNA arm by a set of beads. The bacteria becomes one large sphere, the zinc finger one small sphere, and the DNA arm becomes a rod consisting of a cascade of beads.</p> | ||
+ | <p>Using these assumptions, the free energy can be calculated from geometrical and electrochemical considerations. In other words, knowing the positions, radii, and charge magnitudes on the beads, the binding free energy of the system is directly calculated as follows.</p> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mi>G</mi> | ||
+ | <mo stretchy="false">=</mo> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <msup> | ||
+ | <mi>G</mi> | ||
+ | <mi mathvariant="italic">bound</mi> | ||
+ | </msup> | ||
+ | <mo stretchy="false">−</mo> | ||
+ | <msup> | ||
+ | <mi>G</mi> | ||
+ | <mi mathvariant="italic">unbound</mi> | ||
+ | </msup> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </math> | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | <p>where <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <msup> | ||
+ | <mi>G</mi> | ||
+ | <mi mathvariant="italic">bound</mi> | ||
+ | </msup></math> is the bound free energy expressed as:</p> | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <msup> | ||
+ | <mi>G</mi> | ||
+ | <mi mathvariant="italic">bound</mi> | ||
+ | </msup> | ||
+ | <mo stretchy="false">=</mo> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <munderover> | ||
+ | <mo stretchy="false">∑</mo> | ||
+ | <mtable> | ||
+ | <mtr> | ||
+ | <mtd> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mi>m</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>,</mi> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mi>n</mi> | ||
+ | <mo stretchy="false">=</mo> | ||
+ | <mn>1</mn> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </mtd> | ||
+ | </mtr> | ||
+ | <mtr> | ||
+ | <mtd> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mi>n</mi> | ||
+ | <mo stretchy="false">≠</mo> | ||
+ | <mi>m</mi> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </mtd> | ||
+ | </mtr> | ||
+ | </mtable> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mi>M</mi> | ||
+ | <mo stretchy="false">+</mo> | ||
+ | <mi>N</mi> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </munderover> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mo fence="true" stretchy="false">(</mo> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <msub> | ||
+ | <mi>S</mi> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mi>m</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>,</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>n</mi> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </msub> | ||
+ | <mo stretchy="false">+</mo> | ||
+ | <msub> | ||
+ | <mi>V</mi> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mi>m</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>,</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>n</mi> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </msub> | ||
+ | <mo stretchy="false">+</mo> | ||
+ | <msub> | ||
+ | <mi>E</mi> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mi>m</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>,</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>n</mi> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </msub> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | <mo fence="true" stretchy="false">)</mo> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </math> | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | <p>and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <msup> | ||
+ | <mi>G</mi> | ||
+ | <mi mathvariant="italic">unbound</mi> | ||
+ | </msup></math> is the unbound free energy expressed as:</p> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <msup> | ||
+ | <mi>G</mi> | ||
+ | <mi mathvariant="italic">unbound</mi> | ||
+ | </msup> | ||
+ | <mo stretchy="false">=</mo> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <munderover> | ||
+ | <mo stretchy="false">∑</mo> | ||
+ | <mtable> | ||
+ | <mtr> | ||
+ | <mtd> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mi>m</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>,</mi> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mi>n</mi> | ||
+ | <mo stretchy="false">=</mo> | ||
+ | <mn>1</mn> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </mtd> | ||
+ | </mtr> | ||
+ | <mtr> | ||
+ | <mtd> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mi>n</mi> | ||
+ | <mo stretchy="false">≠</mo> | ||
+ | <mi>m</mi> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </mtd> | ||
+ | </mtr> | ||
+ | </mtable> | ||
+ | <mi>N</mi> | ||
+ | </munderover> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mo fence="true" stretchy="false">(</mo> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <msub> | ||
+ | <mi>S</mi> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mi>m</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>,</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>n</mi> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </msub> | ||
+ | <mo stretchy="false">+</mo> | ||
+ | <msub> | ||
+ | <mi>V</mi> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mi>m</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>,</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>n</mi> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </msub> | ||
+ | <mo stretchy="false">+</mo> | ||
+ | <msub> | ||
+ | <mi>E</mi> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mi>m</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>,</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>n</mi> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </msub> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | <mo fence="true" stretchy="false">)</mo> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | <mo stretchy="false">+</mo> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <munderover> | ||
+ | <mo stretchy="false">∑</mo> | ||
+ | <mtable> | ||
+ | <mtr> | ||
+ | <mtd> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mi>m</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>,</mi> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mi>n</mi> | ||
+ | <mo stretchy="false">=</mo> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mi>N</mi> | ||
+ | <mo stretchy="false">+</mo> | ||
+ | <mn>1</mn> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </mtd> | ||
+ | </mtr> | ||
+ | <mtr> | ||
+ | <mtd> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mi>n</mi> | ||
+ | <mo stretchy="false">≠</mo> | ||
+ | <mi>m</mi> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </mtd> | ||
+ | </mtr> | ||
+ | </mtable> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mi>M</mi> | ||
+ | <mo stretchy="false">+</mo> | ||
+ | <mi>N</mi> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </munderover> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mo fence="true" stretchy="false">(</mo> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <msub> | ||
+ | <mi>S</mi> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mi>m</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>,</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>n</mi> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </msub> | ||
+ | <mo stretchy="false">+</mo> | ||
+ | <msub> | ||
+ | <mi>V</mi> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mi>m</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>,</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>n</mi> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </msub> | ||
+ | <mo stretchy="false">+</mo> | ||
+ | <msub> | ||
+ | <mi>E</mi> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mi>m</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>,</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>n</mi> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </msub> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | <mo fence="true" stretchy="false">)</mo> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </math> | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | <p>where <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> m</math> and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline">n</math> are bead indices, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> M</math> and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline">N</math> are the number of beads in each subsystem.</p> | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <mi>R</mi> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mi>m</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>,</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>n</mi> | ||
+ | </mrow></math> is the distance between two beads. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <msub> | ||
+ | <mi mathvariant="normal">ρ</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>m</mi> | ||
+ | </msub></math> is the radius of a bead <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> m</math>, and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <msub> | ||
+ | <mi mathvariant="normal">q</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>m</mi> | ||
+ | </msub></math> is the charge magnitude of a bead <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> m</math>. | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | <p>where <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <msub> | ||
+ | <mi>E</mi> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mi>m</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>,</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>n</mi> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </msub></math> is the electrostatic energy potential expressed as:</p> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <msub> | ||
+ | <mi>E</mi> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mi>m</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>,</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>n</mi> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </msub> | ||
+ | <mo stretchy="false">=</mo> | ||
+ | <mfrac> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <msub> | ||
+ | <mi>q</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>m</mi> | ||
+ | </msub> | ||
+ | <msub> | ||
+ | <mi>q</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>n</mi> | ||
+ | </msub> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mn>8</mn> | ||
+ | <mi mathvariant="normal">π</mi> | ||
+ | <mi mathvariant="normal">ϵ</mi> | ||
+ | <msubsup> | ||
+ | <mi>R</mi> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mi>m</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>,</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>n</mi> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | <mn>2</mn> | ||
+ | </msubsup> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </mfrac> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </math> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <msub> | ||
+ | <mi>V</mi> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mi>m</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>,</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>n</mi> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </msub></math> is the van Der Waals force potential expressed as:</p> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <msub> | ||
+ | <mi>V</mi> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mi>m</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>,</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>n</mi> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </msub> | ||
+ | <mo stretchy="false">=</mo> | ||
+ | <mfrac> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mo stretchy="false">−</mo> | ||
+ | <mi>A</mi> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | <mn>6</mn> | ||
+ | </mfrac> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mo fence="true" stretchy="false">(</mo> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mfrac> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mn>2</mn> | ||
+ | <msub> | ||
+ | <mi mathvariant="normal">ρ</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>m</mi> | ||
+ | </msub> | ||
+ | <msub> | ||
+ | <mi mathvariant="normal">ρ</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>n</mi> | ||
+ | </msub> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <msubsup> | ||
+ | <mi>R</mi> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mi>m</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>,</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>n</mi> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | <mn>2</mn> | ||
+ | </msubsup> | ||
+ | <mo stretchy="false">−</mo> | ||
+ | <msup> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mo fence="true" stretchy="false">(</mo> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <msub> | ||
+ | <mi mathvariant="normal">ρ</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>m</mi> | ||
+ | </msub> | ||
+ | <mo stretchy="false">+</mo> | ||
+ | <msub> | ||
+ | <mi mathvariant="normal">ρ</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>n</mi> | ||
+ | </msub> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | <mo fence="true" stretchy="false">)</mo> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | <mn>2</mn> | ||
+ | </msup> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </mfrac> | ||
+ | <mo stretchy="false">+</mo> | ||
+ | <mfrac> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mn>2</mn> | ||
+ | <msub> | ||
+ | <mi mathvariant="normal">ρ</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>m</mi> | ||
+ | </msub> | ||
+ | <msub> | ||
+ | <mi mathvariant="normal">ρ</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>n</mi> | ||
+ | </msub> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <msubsup> | ||
+ | <mi>R</mi> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mi>m</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>,</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>n</mi> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | <mn>2</mn> | ||
+ | </msubsup> | ||
+ | <mo stretchy="false">−</mo> | ||
+ | <msup> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mo fence="true" stretchy="false">(</mo> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <msub> | ||
+ | <mi mathvariant="normal">ρ</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>m</mi> | ||
+ | </msub> | ||
+ | <mo stretchy="false">−</mo> | ||
+ | <msub> | ||
+ | <mi mathvariant="normal">ρ</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>n</mi> | ||
+ | </msub> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | <mo fence="true" stretchy="false">)</mo> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | <mn>2</mn> | ||
+ | </msup> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </mfrac> | ||
+ | <mo stretchy="false">+</mo> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mi>ln</mi> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mo fence="true" stretchy="false">(</mo> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mfrac> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <msubsup> | ||
+ | <mi>R</mi> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mi>m</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>,</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>n</mi> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | <mn>2</mn> | ||
+ | </msubsup> | ||
+ | <mo stretchy="false">−</mo> | ||
+ | <msup> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mo fence="true" stretchy="false">(</mo> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <msub> | ||
+ | <mi mathvariant="normal">ρ</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>m</mi> | ||
+ | </msub> | ||
+ | <mo stretchy="false">+</mo> | ||
+ | <msub> | ||
+ | <mi mathvariant="normal">ρ</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>n</mi> | ||
+ | </msub> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | <mo fence="true" stretchy="false">)</mo> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | <mn>2</mn> | ||
+ | </msup> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <msubsup> | ||
+ | <mi>R</mi> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mi>m</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>,</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>n</mi> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | <mn>2</mn> | ||
+ | </msubsup> | ||
+ | <mo stretchy="false">−</mo> | ||
+ | <msup> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mo fence="true" stretchy="false">(</mo> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <msub> | ||
+ | <mi mathvariant="normal">ρ</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>m</mi> | ||
+ | </msub> | ||
+ | <mo stretchy="false">−</mo> | ||
+ | <msub> | ||
+ | <mi mathvariant="normal">ρ</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>n</mi> | ||
+ | </msub> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | <mo fence="true" stretchy="false">)</mo> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | <mn>2</mn> | ||
+ | </msup> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </mfrac> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | <mo fence="true" stretchy="false">)</mo> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | <mo fence="true" stretchy="false">)</mo> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </math> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <p>and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <msub> | ||
+ | <mi>S</mi> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mi>m</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>,</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>n</mi> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </msub></math> is the pair solvent energy expressed as:</p> | ||
+ | <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <msub> | ||
+ | <mi>S</mi> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mi>m</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>,</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>n</mi> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </msub> | ||
+ | <mo stretchy="false">=</mo> | ||
+ | <mfrac> | ||
+ | <mn>1</mn> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mn>8</mn> | ||
+ | <mi mathvariant="normal">π</mi> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </mfrac> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mo fence="true" stretchy="false">(</mo> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mfrac> | ||
+ | <mn>1</mn> | ||
+ | <msub> | ||
+ | <mi mathvariant="normal">ε</mi> | ||
+ | <mn>0</mn> | ||
+ | </msub> | ||
+ | </mfrac> | ||
+ | <mo stretchy="false">−</mo> | ||
+ | <mfrac> | ||
+ | <mn>1</mn> | ||
+ | <mi mathvariant="normal">ε</mi> | ||
+ | </mfrac> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | <mo fence="true" stretchy="false">)</mo> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | <mfrac> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <msub> | ||
+ | <mi>q</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>m</mi> | ||
+ | </msub> | ||
+ | <msub> | ||
+ | <mi>q</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>n</mi> | ||
+ | </msub> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | <msub> | ||
+ | <mi>f</mi> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mi>m</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>,</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>n</mi> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </msub> | ||
+ | </mfrac> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </math> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <p>with</p> | ||
+ | <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <msub> | ||
+ | <mi>f</mi> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mi>m</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>,</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>n</mi> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </msub> | ||
+ | <mo stretchy="false">=</mo> | ||
+ | <msqrt> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <msubsup> | ||
+ | <mi>R</mi> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mi>m</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>,</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>n</mi> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | <mn>2</mn> | ||
+ | </msubsup> | ||
+ | <mo stretchy="false">+</mo> | ||
+ | <msub> | ||
+ | <mi mathvariant="normal">ρ</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>m</mi> | ||
+ | </msub> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | <msub> | ||
+ | <mi mathvariant="normal">ρ</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>n</mi> | ||
+ | </msub> | ||
+ | <msup> | ||
+ | <mi>e</mi> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mo stretchy="false">−</mo> | ||
+ | <msub> | ||
+ | <mi>g</mi> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mi>m</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>,</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>n</mi> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </msub> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </msup> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </msqrt> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </math> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <p>and</p> | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <msub> | ||
+ | <mi>g</mi> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mi>m</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>,</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>n</mi> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </msub> | ||
+ | <mo stretchy="false">=</mo> | ||
+ | <mfrac> | ||
+ | <msub> | ||
+ | <mi>R</mi> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mi>m</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>,</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>n</mi> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </msub> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mn>4</mn> | ||
+ | <msub> | ||
+ | <mi mathvariant="normal">ρ</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>m</mi> | ||
+ | </msub> | ||
+ | <msub> | ||
+ | <mi mathvariant="normal">ρ</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>n</mi> | ||
+ | </msub> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </mfrac> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </math> | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | <p>Table 1 provides the remaining variable values.</p> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <div class="panel panel-default" style="max-width:600px"> | ||
+ | <!-- Default panel contents --> | ||
+ | <div class="panel-heading">Table 1 - System parameters</div> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <!-- Table --> | ||
+ | <table class="table"> | ||
+ | <thead> | ||
+ | <tr> | ||
+ | <th>Description</th> | ||
+ | <th>Symbol</th> | ||
+ | <th>Value</th> | ||
+ | </tr> | ||
+ | </thead> | ||
+ | <tbody> | ||
+ | <tr> | ||
+ | <th scope="row">Zinc finger radius</th> | ||
+ | <td><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"> | ||
+ | <msub> | ||
+ | <mi>q</mi> | ||
+ | <mi mathvariant="italic">zinc</mi> | ||
+ | </msub> | ||
+ | </math> </td> | ||
+ | <td><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mn>2</mn> | ||
+ | <mo stretchy="false">⋅</mo> | ||
+ | <mn>1.60217662</mn> | ||
+ | <mo stretchy="false">⋅</mo> | ||
+ | <msup> | ||
+ | <mn>10</mn> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mo stretchy="false">−</mo> | ||
+ | <mn>19</mn> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </msup> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | <mi>C</mi> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </math></td> | ||
+ | </tr> | ||
+ | <tr> | ||
+ | <th scope="row">Base pair equivalent bead radius</th> | ||
+ | <td><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"> | ||
+ | <msub> | ||
+ | <mi>R</mi> | ||
+ | <mi mathvariant="italic">bead</mi> | ||
+ | </msub> | ||
+ | </math></td> | ||
+ | <td><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mn>1.5</mn> | ||
+ | <mi mathvariant="italic">bp</mi> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mo fence="true" stretchy="false">(</mo> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mn>1</mn> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mi mathvariant="italic">bp</mi> | ||
+ | <mo stretchy="false">=</mo> | ||
+ | <mn>350</mn> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | <mi mathvariant="italic">pm</mi> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | <mo fence="true" stretchy="false">)</mo> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </math> </td> | ||
+ | </tr> | ||
+ | <tr> | ||
+ | <th scope="row"> DNA arm length </th> | ||
+ | <td><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"> | ||
+ | <msub> | ||
+ | <mi>L</mi> | ||
+ | <mi mathvariant="italic">arm</mi> | ||
+ | </msub> | ||
+ | </math> </td> | ||
+ | <td><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mn>150</mn> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mi mathvariant="italic">bp</mi> | ||
+ | <mo stretchy="false">−</mo> | ||
+ | <mn>1500</mn> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | <mi mathvariant="italic">bp</mi> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </math> </td> | ||
+ | </tr> | ||
+ | <tr> | ||
+ | <th scope="row"> DNA arm bead charge magnitude </th> | ||
+ | <td> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"> | ||
+ | <msub> | ||
+ | <mi>N</mi> | ||
+ | <mi mathvariant="italic">zinc</mi> | ||
+ | </msub> | ||
+ | </math></td> | ||
+ | <td><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mo stretchy="false">−</mo> | ||
+ | <mn>2</mn> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | <mo stretchy="false">⋅</mo> | ||
+ | <mn>1.60217662</mn> | ||
+ | <mo stretchy="false">⋅</mo> | ||
+ | <msup> | ||
+ | <mn>10</mn> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mo stretchy="false">−</mo> | ||
+ | <mn>19</mn> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </msup> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | <mi>C</mi> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </math></td> | ||
+ | </tr> | ||
+ | <tr> | ||
+ | <th scope="row"> Real gas constant </th> | ||
+ | <td> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"> | ||
+ | <mi>R</mi> | ||
+ | </math></td> | ||
+ | <td><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"> | ||
+ | <mn>8.3144598</mn> | ||
+ | </math> </td> | ||
+ | </tr> | ||
+ | <tr> | ||
+ | <th scope="row"> Temperature </th> | ||
+ | <td><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"> | ||
+ | <mi>T</mi> | ||
+ | </math> </td> | ||
+ | <td><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mn>300</mn> | ||
+ | <mi>K</mi> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </math> </td> | ||
+ | </tr> | ||
+ | <tr> | ||
+ | <th scope="row"> Absolute permittivity</th> | ||
+ | <td> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"> | ||
+ | <mi mathvariant="normal">ε</mi> | ||
+ | </math></td> | ||
+ | <td> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mn>8.854187817</mn> | ||
+ | <mo stretchy="false">⋅</mo> | ||
+ | <msup> | ||
+ | <mn>10</mn> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mo stretchy="false">−</mo> | ||
+ | <mn>12</mn> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </msup> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mi>F</mi> | ||
+ | <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> | ||
+ | <mi>m</mi> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </math></td> | ||
+ | </tr> | ||
+ | <tr> | ||
+ | <th scope="row"> Relative permittivity of water </th> | ||
+ | <td><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"> | ||
+ | <msub> | ||
+ | <mi mathvariant="normal">ε</mi> | ||
+ | <mi>r</mi> | ||
+ | </msub> | ||
+ | </math> </td> | ||
+ | <td> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"> | ||
+ | <mn>88</mn> | ||
+ | </math></td> | ||
+ | </tr> | ||
+ | <tr> | ||
+ | <th scope="row">Hamaker coefficient of nucleotide </th> | ||
+ | <td> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"> | ||
+ | <mi>A</mi> | ||
+ | </math> </td> | ||
+ | <td> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mn>6</mn> | ||
+ | <mo stretchy="false">⋅</mo> | ||
+ | <msup> | ||
+ | <mn>10</mn> | ||
+ | <mrow> | ||
+ | <mo stretchy="false">−</mo> | ||
+ | <mn>10</mn> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </msup> | ||
+ | </mrow> | ||
+ | </math> </td> | ||
+ | </tr> | ||
+ | <tr> | ||
+ | <th scope="row">Dielectric constant of water</th> | ||
+ | <td> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"> | ||
+ | <mi mathvariant="normal">ϵ</mi> | ||
+ | </math> </td> | ||
+ | <td> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"> | ||
+ | <mn>80.4</mn> | ||
+ | </math> </td> | ||
+ | </tr> | ||
+ | </tbody> | ||
+ | </table> | ||
+ | </div> | ||
+ | <h4>I.3) Numerical evaluation</h4> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <p>We have simulated the effect of arm length on free energy (low free energy implies high binding probability) using the Born salvation free model, pair van der Waals energy, and electrostatic potential, described above. However, there are some parameters that we are not sure about (Equivalent charge and Hamacker coefficient of Zinc fingers, equivalent charge and Hamacker coefficient of base pair) that depend on charge distribution of the DNA strand, which should be determined experimentally as boundary conditions. Alternatively, one could consider each base pair with independent charge.</p> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <p>The systems have been simulated in MATLAB.</p> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <p>Figure 1 shows a rendering of the bacteria - arm compound (E. Coli in blue, zinc fingers in red, arms in orange).</p> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <figure> | ||
+ | <img class="img-responsive" style="max-width:500px" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/f/f4/NTNU_Trondheim_collaboration_rendering.png"> | ||
+ | <figcaption><b>Figure 1.</b> Rendering of bacteria connected to DNA arms through zinc fingers expressed superficially.</figcaption> | ||
+ | </figure> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <p>Figure 2 shows relative free energy against arm length. As expected, the longer the arms, the lower is the free energy, and thus the higher is the bonding probability.</p> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <figure> | ||
+ | <img class="img-responsive" style="max-width:500px" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/a/a0/NTNU_Trondheim_collaboration_deterministic.png"> | ||
+ | <figcaption><b>Figure 2.</b>Effect of arm length on free energy for a constant zinc finger surface distribution.</figcaption> | ||
+ | </figure> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <p>Figure 3 shows relative free energy against arm length, where the distribution of zinc fingers is randomized. We notice that the distribution of the zinc fingers plays a very important role in the binding as shown in the figure where the distribution is varied randomly, but the trend is more and less the same as when the distribution is assumed to be deterministic. | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <figure> | ||
+ | <img class="img-responsive" style="max-width:500px" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/e/e8/NTNU_Trondheim_collaboration_stochastic.png"> | ||
+ | <figcaption><b>Figure 2.</b>Effect of arm length on free energy for randomly distributed zinc finger distribution.</figcaption> | ||
+ | </figure> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <h4>I.4) Conclusion</h4> | ||
+ | <p>The bead approximation and thermodynamic information theoretical framework we proposed effectively captures the challenge of modeling binding probability where different DNA strands compete in binding with a multitude of zinc fingers. The model takes into account the geometry and charge magnitude distribution on the bacteria and the DNA strands.</p> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <h4>I.5) References</h4> | ||
+ | <p> | ||
+ | <ul> | ||
+ | <li>Chahibi, Y.; Akyildiz, I.F.; Balasubramaniam, S.; Koucheryavy, Y., "Molecular Communication Modeling of Antibody-Mediated Drug Delivery Systems," in Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on , vol.62, no.7, pp.1683-1695, July 2015 | ||
+ | doi: 10.1109/TBME.2015.2400631</li> | ||
+ | <li>Stormo, Gary D., and Yue Zhao. "Determining the specificity of protein–DNA interactions." Nature Reviews Genetics 11.11 (2010): 751-760. | ||
+ | APA | ||
+ | </li> | ||
+ | </ol> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <h3>II. iGEM Matchmaker and LabSurfing (<i>Technische Universität Darmstadt</i>)</h3> | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | <br> | ||
+ | |||
+ | </div> | ||
+ | </html> | ||
+ | {{WarwickFooter}} |
Revision as of 21:17, 17 September 2015