Difference between revisions of "Team:NCTU Formosa/Description"

Line 170: Line 170:
 
<div class="p02">
 
<div class="p02">
 
<div class="content"><h1>The APOllO E.Cotector</h1>
 
<div class="content"><h1>The APOllO E.Cotector</h1>
<p>This year, APOllO introduced a customized detecting platform - The APOllO E.Cotector.</p>
+
<p>This year, APOllO introduced a new customized detecting platform - The APOllO E.Cotector.</p>
<p> Our customers can spontaneously choose from our biobrick libraries and match various plasmids for co-transformation. With this procedure, it not only helps us tailor our product to the wishes of our customers, but also brings us a major advantage in our manufacturing procedure. The simple process of co-transformation can create a dual display system that replaces the process of ligating several insertion genes into one single lengthy plasmid, which tremendously increases our manufacturing efficiency. </p>  
+
<p> Our customers can spontaneously choose from our biobrick libraries and match various plasmids for co-transformation. This procedure helps tailor our product to the wishes of our customers and gives our company a major advantage in the manufacturing process. The simple process of co-transformation can create a dual display system that replaces the process of ligating several insertion genes into one single lengthy plasmid, which tremendously increases our manufacturing efficiency. </p>  
 
<p>Our biobrick libraries consist of three kinds of plasmids: (1) scFv probes detect the target we want,  
 
<p>Our biobrick libraries consist of three kinds of plasmids: (1) scFv probes detect the target we want,  
(2) color signals are for observation, and (3) GBP can connect to gold.  
+
(2) color signals are for observation, and (3) GBP can connect to gold. Customers can detect what they need just by randomly selecting up to three plasmids.</p>  
Once customers randomly select up to three plasmids, they can detect anything in the way they need it.</P>  
+
 
</div>
 
</div>
  
Line 185: Line 184:
 
</div>
 
</div>
  
<p>Moreover, scFv is only 20 percent of the size of normal antibody <sup>[1]</sup>, so it can be easily produced and displayed by bacteria. In addition, scFv can be envisaged to be applied in the non-pharmaceutical sector, such as in food, cosmetic or environmental industries. The unique and highly specific antigen-binding ability might, for example, be exploited to block specific enzymes (e.g. enzymes that cause food spoilage) or to detect environmental factors present in very low concentrations (as biosensors) <sup>[2]</sup>.</p>
+
<p>Moreover, scFv can be easily produced and displayed by bacteria as it is only 20 percent of the size of most normal antibodies <sup>[1]</sup>. In addition, scFv can be envisaged to be applied in the non-pharmaceutical sector, such as in food, cosmetic or environmental industries. The unique and highly specific antigen-binding ability of biosensors might, for example, be exploited to block enzymes that cause food spoilage or to detect environmental factors present in very low concentrations <sup>[2]</sup>.</p>
 
    
 
    
 
<div class="image">
 
<div class="image">
 
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/thumb/c/c8/Background_Figure1.png/706px-Background_Figure1.png" height="400px"><br><br>
 
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/thumb/c/c8/Background_Figure1.png/706px-Background_Figure1.png" height="400px"><br><br>
Figure 2. With scFv probes, E.Cotector could be applied to various fields. For example, health & medicine, food industry, agriculture, and environment.
+
Figure 2. With scFv probes, E.Cotector could be applied to various fields. For example, in health & medicine, food, agriculture, and environment industries).
 
</div>
 
</div>
 
</div>
 
</div>
  
 
<div class="content"><h1>Targeted drugs</h1>
 
<div class="content"><h1>Targeted drugs</h1>
<p> We decided to focus on health and medicine and also found that the market for targeted drug is very significant. According to the statistics, the usage rate of targeted drug therapy in cancer treatment has increased within ten years. In Figure 3, in 2003, targeted drug is not commonly used, accounting for only 11% usage. Over one decade, it is estimated that the usage of targeted drug dramatically will increase to 46%. Besides, targeted drugs show more accurate attack to cancer cells and less harmful damage to normal tissues via specific binding to target molecules <sup>[3]</sup>. Targeted therapy are alleged to be "personalized medicine" because health care professionals can use clinical test results from a patient to select a specific drug that has a higher likelihood of being effective for that particular person. This indicates detection for targeted drugs is a potential growing field and will become a prevalent pre-diagnosis for cancer treatment in the near future. </p>
+
<p> Our focus on health and medicine led us to the realization of the significance of the targeted drug's  market. According to the statistics, the usage rate of targeted drug therapy in cancer treatment has increased in less than ten years. In Figure 3, it was shown that the targeted drug is not commonly used, accounting for only 11% usage in 2003. Over this decade, it is estimated that the usage of targeted drug will dramatically increase to 46%. However, targeted drugs have been shown to have a more accurate attack on cancer cells and cause less harmful damage to normal tissues via specific binding to target molecules <sup>[3]</sup>. Targeted therapy is alleged to be a "personalized medicine" because health care professionals can use clinical test results from a patient to select a specific drug that has a higher likelihood of being effective for that particular person. This indicates that detection for targeted drugs is a growing field and will become a prevalent pre-diagnosis for cancer treatment in the near future.</p>
 
<div class="image">
 
<div class="image">
 
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/1/1e/NCTU_Formosa_Dis_1.png" height="400px"><br><br>
 
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/1/1e/NCTU_Formosa_Dis_1.png" height="400px"><br><br>
Line 201: Line 200:
  
 
<h2>Pre-diagnosis of targeted drugs treatment</h2>
 
<h2>Pre-diagnosis of targeted drugs treatment</h2>
   <p>To create the new era of tailored targeted drugs, doctors must aim at appropriate target molecules for patients with particular diseases. In 2014, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a guideline to facilitate the development and review of diagnostics tests. The diagnostics tests are the steps to identify the abnormal cancer biomarkers. Moreover, the purpose of diagnostics tests are to help medical practitioners determine which patients could benefit from the certain drugs, conversely, those who should not receive the medication. If the treatment decisions is not optimal, it would not only cause the fatal body damage, but also lead to the waste of time, money and medical resources. FDA encourages the joint of targeted drugs therapies and precise diagnostics tests which are essential for the safe and effective use of targeted drugs <sup>[4]</sup>.</p>
+
   <p>To create the new era of tailored targeted drugs, doctors must aim at appropriate target molecules for patients with particular diseases. In 2014, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a guideline to facilitate the development and review of diagnostic tests. The diagnostic tests are a crucial step to identifying the abnormal cancer biomarkers as they can help medical practitioners determine which patients could benefit from the certain drugs as opposed to.those who should not receive the medication. Treatment decisions must be optimal as to not cause bodily damage and waste time, money, and medical resources. FDA encourages the joint of targeted drugs therapies and precise diagnostics tests as they are essential in the safety and effectiveness of targeted drugs <sup>[4]</sup>.</p>
  
 
   <h2>The concept of combination therapy</h2>
 
   <h2>The concept of combination therapy</h2>
<p>Although targeted drugs treatments can lead to the dramatic regressions of solid tumors, the responses are often short-lived because resistant cancer cells arise after a period of treatment. The major strategy proposed for overcoming the resistance is combination therapy <sup>[5]</sup>. The clinical and preclinical researches further indicated that targeted drug therapy combined with another targeted drug therapy or other types of therapies to treat cancers simultaneously may attain greater effects than using only one therapy. With the concept of combination therapy, we can help the doctor to improve the treating effect and reduce the occurrence of cancer cells resistance toward the targeted drugs as there are less probability that a single mutation will cause cross-resistance to both drugs <sup>[6]</sup>.</p>
+
<p>Although targeted drugs treatments can lead to the dramatic regressions of solid tumors, the responses are often short-lived as the resistant cancer cells will arise after the period of treatment. The major strategy proposed for overcoming the resistance is combination therapy <sup>[5]</sup>. The clinical and preclinical researches further indicates that targeted drug therapy combined with other types of therapies to treat cancers may attain greater effects than using only one therapy. With the concept of combination therapy, the doctor can improve the treating effect and reduce the occurrence of cancer cell resistance toward the targeted drugs. This lessens the probability that a single mutation will cause cross-resistance to both drugs <sup>[6]</sup>.</p>
 
</div>
 
</div>
  

Revision as of 21:16, 18 September 2015

Description

The APOllO E.Cotector

This year, APOllO introduced a new customized detecting platform - The APOllO E.Cotector.

Our customers can spontaneously choose from our biobrick libraries and match various plasmids for co-transformation. This procedure helps tailor our product to the wishes of our customers and gives our company a major advantage in the manufacturing process. The simple process of co-transformation can create a dual display system that replaces the process of ligating several insertion genes into one single lengthy plasmid, which tremendously increases our manufacturing efficiency.

Our biobrick libraries consist of three kinds of plasmids: (1) scFv probes detect the target we want, (2) color signals are for observation, and (3) GBP can connect to gold. Customers can detect what they need just by randomly selecting up to three plasmids.

Single Chain Variable Fragment (ScFv)

ScFv is a fusion protein of the variable regions of heavy chain (VH) and light chain (VL) of immunoglobulins, and the heavy chain and light chain are connected with a short linker peptide of about 15 to 20 amino acids. Even with addition of a linker, scFv can still retain the complete function of antigen-binding site and specificity of the original immunoglobulin.



Figure 1. ScFv is a fusion protein of the variable regions of heavy chain (VH) and light chain (VL) of a monoclonal antibody.

Moreover, scFv can be easily produced and displayed by bacteria as it is only 20 percent of the size of most normal antibodies [1]. In addition, scFv can be envisaged to be applied in the non-pharmaceutical sector, such as in food, cosmetic or environmental industries. The unique and highly specific antigen-binding ability of biosensors might, for example, be exploited to block enzymes that cause food spoilage or to detect environmental factors present in very low concentrations [2].



Figure 2. With scFv probes, E.Cotector could be applied to various fields. For example, in health & medicine, food, agriculture, and environment industries).

Targeted drugs

Our focus on health and medicine led us to the realization of the significance of the targeted drug's market. According to the statistics, the usage rate of targeted drug therapy in cancer treatment has increased in less than ten years. In Figure 3, it was shown that the targeted drug is not commonly used, accounting for only 11% usage in 2003. Over this decade, it is estimated that the usage of targeted drug will dramatically increase to 46%. However, targeted drugs have been shown to have a more accurate attack on cancer cells and cause less harmful damage to normal tissues via specific binding to target molecules [3]. Targeted therapy is alleged to be a "personalized medicine" because health care professionals can use clinical test results from a patient to select a specific drug that has a higher likelihood of being effective for that particular person. This indicates that detection for targeted drugs is a growing field and will become a prevalent pre-diagnosis for cancer treatment in the near future.



Figure 3. The usage of targeted drugs in cancer treatment.

Pre-diagnosis of targeted drugs treatment

To create the new era of tailored targeted drugs, doctors must aim at appropriate target molecules for patients with particular diseases. In 2014, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a guideline to facilitate the development and review of diagnostic tests. The diagnostic tests are a crucial step to identifying the abnormal cancer biomarkers as they can help medical practitioners determine which patients could benefit from the certain drugs as opposed to.those who should not receive the medication. Treatment decisions must be optimal as to not cause bodily damage and waste time, money, and medical resources. FDA encourages the joint of targeted drugs therapies and precise diagnostics tests as they are essential in the safety and effectiveness of targeted drugs [4].

The concept of combination therapy

Although targeted drugs treatments can lead to the dramatic regressions of solid tumors, the responses are often short-lived as the resistant cancer cells will arise after the period of treatment. The major strategy proposed for overcoming the resistance is combination therapy [5]. The clinical and preclinical researches further indicates that targeted drug therapy combined with other types of therapies to treat cancers may attain greater effects than using only one therapy. With the concept of combination therapy, the doctor can improve the treating effect and reduce the occurrence of cancer cell resistance toward the targeted drugs. This lessens the probability that a single mutation will cause cross-resistance to both drugs [6].