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− | <li><a class="active" href="#">Overview</a> | + | <li><a href="https://2015.igem.org/Team:Peking/Practices">Overview</a> |
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− | <li><a href="#">Link 1</a> | + | <li><a href="#">TB Facts</a> |
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− | <p><a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/0/0b/Questionnaire.pdf">The Questionnaire about acknowledgment of Tuberculosis and Synthetic Biology.</a>
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− | <h3 class="classic-title" style="margin-top:50px"><span>Ethics</span></h3> | + | |
| <div style="margin-top:30px; margin-bottom:0"> | | <div style="margin-top:30px; margin-bottom:0"> |
| <p>Synthetic biology, as a newly-presented subdiscipline of life sciences, has appealed to lots of researchers devoting themselves to it. As the world has got insights into the information covered by the genes, they’ve mastered their biological functions. It is just like an engineering job that these biobricks are assembled by synthetic biologists to become a biological device, which can complete novel tasks. From the moment it emerged, it moved towards the public accompanied by many controversial topics. A large portion of people stoutly negates the field with the thought that it is as frightening as ‘human cloning’. | | <p>Synthetic biology, as a newly-presented subdiscipline of life sciences, has appealed to lots of researchers devoting themselves to it. As the world has got insights into the information covered by the genes, they’ve mastered their biological functions. It is just like an engineering job that these biobricks are assembled by synthetic biologists to become a biological device, which can complete novel tasks. From the moment it emerged, it moved towards the public accompanied by many controversial topics. A large portion of people stoutly negates the field with the thought that it is as frightening as ‘human cloning’. |
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| <p>At the present, the basic ideas in synthetic biology include two lines. One is to design and construct new biological parts, modules and system. The other is to redesign the existing and natural biosystem. Both ideas are for benefits of human society. Obviously its task is to standardize the gene bioinformation, and manufacture operable standard bioparts. However, it seems at the opposite sides with the biodiversity of the nature. How can we resolve this kind of contradiction? And how do our human beings look upon the numerous social problems it causes such as the patents and impartiality? | | <p>At the present, the basic ideas in synthetic biology include two lines. One is to design and construct new biological parts, modules and system. The other is to redesign the existing and natural biosystem. Both ideas are for benefits of human society. Obviously its task is to standardize the gene bioinformation, and manufacture operable standard bioparts. However, it seems at the opposite sides with the biodiversity of the nature. How can we resolve this kind of contradiction? And how do our human beings look upon the numerous social problems it causes such as the patents and impartiality? |
| </p> | | </p> |
| + | <div class="col-md-6"> |
| <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/1/18/Peking-Ethics-1.jpg"> | | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/1/18/Peking-Ethics-1.jpg"> |
| + | </div> |
| <p>The ultimate aim of synthetic biology is to synthesis a completely artificial life, which is notwithstanding fascinated to many of us. Nevertheless, it makes the whole society feel terrified to the unknown vita. In that way, whether or not we should advocate this kind of creativity for life? And how can we evaluate the benefits and risks in synthetic biology? Or how can human beings find a balance point of the double-edged sword? | | <p>The ultimate aim of synthetic biology is to synthesis a completely artificial life, which is notwithstanding fascinated to many of us. Nevertheless, it makes the whole society feel terrified to the unknown vita. In that way, whether or not we should advocate this kind of creativity for life? And how can we evaluate the benefits and risks in synthetic biology? Or how can human beings find a balance point of the double-edged sword? |
| </p> | | </p> |
| <p>To find the answers to all the above questions, we’ve conducted a discussion on the ethical issues in synthetic biology with Doctor Xie Guangkuan of the Institute of Medical Humanities of PKU. At the same time, we estimated our project on ethics according to the Four Principles of Bioethics. | | <p>To find the answers to all the above questions, we’ve conducted a discussion on the ethical issues in synthetic biology with Doctor Xie Guangkuan of the Institute of Medical Humanities of PKU. At the same time, we estimated our project on ethics according to the Four Principles of Bioethics. |
| </p> | | </p> |
− | <h4>The First Principle: BENEFICENCE</h4> | + | <h5>The First Principle: BENEFICENCE</h5> |
| + | <div class="col-md-6"> |
| + | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/1/15/2.jpg"> |
| + | </div> |
| <p>Compared with other traditional detection methods, the biggest advantage of the detection of nucleic acid is the great shortened of the time without the decrease of the specificity and sensitivity. And not to mention the influence of time cost on the economy of a gradually developed society, only consider its role in the prevention and cure of tuberculosis is enough to make people wonder. In the diagnosis and treatment of TB, traditional methods, such as bacteriological detection methods, need one to two months to get the result, while in clinical work, no doctors dare to give treatment after such a long time waiting for the result, because the disease may develop rapidly during the waiting time, which may lead to irreversible consequences. Therefore, in the current clinical work in China, treatment would be given first while waiting for the detection result of bacterial culture. This is indeed a way to avoid the development of the disease, but for the misdiagnosis patients, on the one hand, the right treatment has been delayed, on the other hand, the wrong treatment may lead to the resistance to anti-tuberculosis drugs. Nucleic acid detection can effectively avoid these problems, the existing mature detection technology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis usually takes only a few hours to get the result, which can greatly reduce the detection time and is more conducive to the realization of the treatment after diagnosis, which thus can avoid delay treatment and error treatment. | | <p>Compared with other traditional detection methods, the biggest advantage of the detection of nucleic acid is the great shortened of the time without the decrease of the specificity and sensitivity. And not to mention the influence of time cost on the economy of a gradually developed society, only consider its role in the prevention and cure of tuberculosis is enough to make people wonder. In the diagnosis and treatment of TB, traditional methods, such as bacteriological detection methods, need one to two months to get the result, while in clinical work, no doctors dare to give treatment after such a long time waiting for the result, because the disease may develop rapidly during the waiting time, which may lead to irreversible consequences. Therefore, in the current clinical work in China, treatment would be given first while waiting for the detection result of bacterial culture. This is indeed a way to avoid the development of the disease, but for the misdiagnosis patients, on the one hand, the right treatment has been delayed, on the other hand, the wrong treatment may lead to the resistance to anti-tuberculosis drugs. Nucleic acid detection can effectively avoid these problems, the existing mature detection technology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis usually takes only a few hours to get the result, which can greatly reduce the detection time and is more conducive to the realization of the treatment after diagnosis, which thus can avoid delay treatment and error treatment. |
| </p> | | </p> |
| <p>Although nucleic acid detection has much advantage compared to traditional detection method, the detection of nucleic acid is still not able to replace the traditional detection method. The main reason owes to its expensive price. Besides that, the traditional detection method has been developed for many years, and through the traditional detection, the staffs can see mycobacterium tuberculosis directly, which give them more confidence on making a definite diagnosis. Thus as a new method which gives the result through an indirect way, nucleic acid detection method is refused from the idea of part of doctors. And in this paper, we will focus primarily on the former: the advantages and disadvantages of nucleic acid detection in the economic analysis compared with the traditional detection method. Through consulting Beijing research institute for tuberculosis control, we have learned that the current traditional smear technology price is about 15 yuan, and 60 yuan for bacterial culture, that is, the price of traditional detection method is about 100 yuan, and the current method for nucleic acid detection such as Hans needs 525 yuan, X-pert detection technology needs 650 yuan, which means the detection method of nucleic acid is about 5-6 times as much as the price of traditional methods, leading to the conflict psychology for patients to use nucleic acid detection method. In addition, as for the hospital, the cost of traditional detection method is relatively low, while providing nucleic acid detection method, hospitals need to be equipped with more expensive equipment, according to the introduction of the lab director from Beijing research institute for tuberculosis control, the construction of the current nucleic acid detection platform costs tens of thousands or even hundreds of thousands, although most large hospitals have the ability to afford this instrument. However, for small or medium hospitals, it is still difficult to be equipped with such expensive instruments. And dramatically, the incidence of tuberculosis in China in rural areas is much higher than urban areas, which means most of the tuberculosis patients cannot use nucleic acid detection method. Thus no matter from the view of hospital or patient, the use of nucleic acid testing is out of affording, which leads to the limitation of its application. | | <p>Although nucleic acid detection has much advantage compared to traditional detection method, the detection of nucleic acid is still not able to replace the traditional detection method. The main reason owes to its expensive price. Besides that, the traditional detection method has been developed for many years, and through the traditional detection, the staffs can see mycobacterium tuberculosis directly, which give them more confidence on making a definite diagnosis. Thus as a new method which gives the result through an indirect way, nucleic acid detection method is refused from the idea of part of doctors. And in this paper, we will focus primarily on the former: the advantages and disadvantages of nucleic acid detection in the economic analysis compared with the traditional detection method. Through consulting Beijing research institute for tuberculosis control, we have learned that the current traditional smear technology price is about 15 yuan, and 60 yuan for bacterial culture, that is, the price of traditional detection method is about 100 yuan, and the current method for nucleic acid detection such as Hans needs 525 yuan, X-pert detection technology needs 650 yuan, which means the detection method of nucleic acid is about 5-6 times as much as the price of traditional methods, leading to the conflict psychology for patients to use nucleic acid detection method. In addition, as for the hospital, the cost of traditional detection method is relatively low, while providing nucleic acid detection method, hospitals need to be equipped with more expensive equipment, according to the introduction of the lab director from Beijing research institute for tuberculosis control, the construction of the current nucleic acid detection platform costs tens of thousands or even hundreds of thousands, although most large hospitals have the ability to afford this instrument. However, for small or medium hospitals, it is still difficult to be equipped with such expensive instruments. And dramatically, the incidence of tuberculosis in China in rural areas is much higher than urban areas, which means most of the tuberculosis patients cannot use nucleic acid detection method. Thus no matter from the view of hospital or patient, the use of nucleic acid testing is out of affording, which leads to the limitation of its application. |
| </p> | | </p> |
− | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/1/15/2.jpg">
| + | |
| <P>And our project which is also based on nucleic acid detection has given a clever solution to the problem. We concentrate the detection process in a handy container. The first to avoid the need for nucleic acid detection laboratory platform, which thus can solve the problem for small hospitals to withstand the high cost of laboratory established. On the other hand, our instrument uses a new principle of work and cost much lower compared with the previous nucleic acid detection method. | | <P>And our project which is also based on nucleic acid detection has given a clever solution to the problem. We concentrate the detection process in a handy container. The first to avoid the need for nucleic acid detection laboratory platform, which thus can solve the problem for small hospitals to withstand the high cost of laboratory established. On the other hand, our instrument uses a new principle of work and cost much lower compared with the previous nucleic acid detection method. |
| </P> | | </P> |
| <P>And our project which is also based on nucleic acid detection has given a clever solution to the problem. We concentrate the detection process in a handy container. The first to avoid the need for nucleic acid detection laboratory platform, which thus can solve the problem for small hospitals to withstand the high cost of laboratory established. On the other hand, our instrument uses a new principle of work and cost much lower compared with the previous nucleic acid detection method. | | <P>And our project which is also based on nucleic acid detection has given a clever solution to the problem. We concentrate the detection process in a handy container. The first to avoid the need for nucleic acid detection laboratory platform, which thus can solve the problem for small hospitals to withstand the high cost of laboratory established. On the other hand, our instrument uses a new principle of work and cost much lower compared with the previous nucleic acid detection method. |
| </P> | | </P> |
− | <h4>The Second Principle: EQUITY</h4> | + | <h5>The Second Principle: EQUITY</h5> |
| <p>Whether in China or in the world, the gap between the rich and the poor, the inequality of regional resources is a problem that we cannot ignore. When the unequal distribution of resources comes to the diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the incidence of tuberculosis is getting worse caused by the delayed diagnosis of tuberculosis in relatively backward regions. We take Beijing research institute for tuberculosis control and the Center for Disease Control of ZhengHe in Fujian Province as the representative of the developed cities and remote mountainous areas, and detailed consultation with the two agencies have been made. As expected, Beijing research institute for tuberculosis control has a variety of innovative nucleic acid testing equipment, although they said these devices are indeed expensive, not often used in clinical, but they have these conditions. And for Center for Disease Control of ZhengHe in Fujian province, it has only the traditional detection facilities, no conditions to build a nucleic acid detection platform. What’s worse, for the region's people, the majority have no economic ability to bear the cost of nucleic acid detection. This has led to the unfairness in the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and the economic level is the detection means of the watershed. | | <p>Whether in China or in the world, the gap between the rich and the poor, the inequality of regional resources is a problem that we cannot ignore. When the unequal distribution of resources comes to the diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the incidence of tuberculosis is getting worse caused by the delayed diagnosis of tuberculosis in relatively backward regions. We take Beijing research institute for tuberculosis control and the Center for Disease Control of ZhengHe in Fujian Province as the representative of the developed cities and remote mountainous areas, and detailed consultation with the two agencies have been made. As expected, Beijing research institute for tuberculosis control has a variety of innovative nucleic acid testing equipment, although they said these devices are indeed expensive, not often used in clinical, but they have these conditions. And for Center for Disease Control of ZhengHe in Fujian province, it has only the traditional detection facilities, no conditions to build a nucleic acid detection platform. What’s worse, for the region's people, the majority have no economic ability to bear the cost of nucleic acid detection. This has led to the unfairness in the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and the economic level is the detection means of the watershed. |
| </p> | | </p> |
| + | <div class="col-md-6"> |
| <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/f/fb/Peking-Outreach-Ethics-4.jpg"> | | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/f/fb/Peking-Outreach-Ethics-4.jpg"> |
| + | </div> |
| <P>As stated above, our project is trying to put a set of nucleic acid detection in a small container, in line with the concept of Point-Of-Care, making a detection which is cheap, convenient and simple. Such a set of equipment will be able to minimize the embarrassment brought by the differences in the region. And the relatively backward areas can have the opportunity to use the new methods to reduce the time of the detection of tuberculosis, and improve the detection specificity and sensitivity, even in the absence of qualified laboratory conditions.</P> | | <P>As stated above, our project is trying to put a set of nucleic acid detection in a small container, in line with the concept of Point-Of-Care, making a detection which is cheap, convenient and simple. Such a set of equipment will be able to minimize the embarrassment brought by the differences in the region. And the relatively backward areas can have the opportunity to use the new methods to reduce the time of the detection of tuberculosis, and improve the detection specificity and sensitivity, even in the absence of qualified laboratory conditions.</P> |
| | | |
− | <h4>The Third Principle: RESPECT</h4> | + | <h5>The Third Principle: RESPECT</h5> |
| <P>As a country whose incidence of tuberculosis is ranked second in the world, there are lots of TB patients in China. And according to the relevant laws and regulations in China, the TB patients are limited in certain industries such as teachers. In catering and other industries, people are required to have the certificate issued by the hospital to prove they are not the TB patients. If TB detection becomes easier, it is expected that this part of unit can be equipped with such a testing tool for practitioners to verify, and even other industries will hope that their employees are not TB patients, thus they may be equipped with the appropriate testing tools as well. Although doing so is beneficial to the control of tuberculosis, it can also make the patients feel that their privacy is not protected, and they may feel social discrimination and disrespect. For this case, we do not think that it can be the reason for the detection of nucleic acids should be fixed. The state should take other measures, such as the restriction of enterprise or institution to buy such disease detection tools, etc. | | <P>As a country whose incidence of tuberculosis is ranked second in the world, there are lots of TB patients in China. And according to the relevant laws and regulations in China, the TB patients are limited in certain industries such as teachers. In catering and other industries, people are required to have the certificate issued by the hospital to prove they are not the TB patients. If TB detection becomes easier, it is expected that this part of unit can be equipped with such a testing tool for practitioners to verify, and even other industries will hope that their employees are not TB patients, thus they may be equipped with the appropriate testing tools as well. Although doing so is beneficial to the control of tuberculosis, it can also make the patients feel that their privacy is not protected, and they may feel social discrimination and disrespect. For this case, we do not think that it can be the reason for the detection of nucleic acids should be fixed. The state should take other measures, such as the restriction of enterprise or institution to buy such disease detection tools, etc. |
| </P> | | </P> |
− | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/2/28/Peking-Outreach-Ethics-5.jpg">
| + | |
− | <h4>CONCLUSION</h4> | + | <h5>CONCLUSION</h5> |
| <P>To sum up, we believe that the project we are working on is in line with the principles of ethics, which will help promote human health, and to some extent improve the imbalance of social medical resources. | | <P>To sum up, we believe that the project we are working on is in line with the principles of ethics, which will help promote human health, and to some extent improve the imbalance of social medical resources. |
| </P> | | </P> |
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| </div> | | </div> |
| <h3 class="classic-title" style="margin-top:50px"><span>Economics</span></h3> | | <h3 class="classic-title" style="margin-top:50px"><span>Economics</span></h3> |
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| </li> | | </li> |
− | <li><!--HERE need to be changed--> | + | <li style="padding-top:0:padding-bottom:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0"><!--HERE need to be changed--> |
− | <a class="google"target="_blank" href="https://plus.google.com/share?url=https://2015.igem.org/Team:Peking/Collaborations"> | + | <a class="google"target="_blank" href="https://plus.google.com/share?url=https://2015.igem.org/Team:Peking/Practices/Consultation"> |
| <i class="fa"> | | <i class="fa"> |
| <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/7/7a/Peking-google_plus.png" style="height:20px; margin-top:7px;"> | | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/7/7a/Peking-google_plus.png" style="height:20px; margin-top:7px;"> |
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| <div class="col-md-12 footer-widget social-widget row"> | | <div class="col-md-12 footer-widget social-widget row"> |
| <h4>Follow Us<span class="head-line"></span></h4> | | <h4>Follow Us<span class="head-line"></span></h4> |
− | <ul class="social-icons"> | + | <ul class="social-icons" style="padding-top:0:padding-bottom:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0"> |
− | <li> | + | <li style="padding-top:0:padding-bottom:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0"> |
| <a class="twitter" href="https://twitter.com/iGEM_Peking"><i class="fa"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/d/d0/Peking-twitter.png" style="height:20px; margin-top:7px;"></i></a> | | <a class="twitter" href="https://twitter.com/iGEM_Peking"><i class="fa"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/d/d0/Peking-twitter.png" style="height:20px; margin-top:7px;"></i></a> |
| </li> | | </li> |
− | <li> | + | <li style="padding-top:0:padding-bottom:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0"> |
| <a class="facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/pekingigem"><i class="fa"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/0/0e/Peking-facebook.png" style="height:20px; margin-top:7px;"></i></a> | | <a class="facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/pekingigem"><i class="fa"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/0/0e/Peking-facebook.png" style="height:20px; margin-top:7px;"></i></a> |
| </li> | | </li> |
− | <li> | + | <li style="padding-top:0:padding-bottom:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0"> |
| <a class="google" href="https://plus.google.com/u/0/102072923413833492667/posts"><i class="fa"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/7/7a/Peking-google_plus.png" style="height:20px; margin-top:7px;"></i></a> | | <a class="google" href="https://plus.google.com/u/0/102072923413833492667/posts"><i class="fa"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/7/7a/Peking-google_plus.png" style="height:20px; margin-top:7px;"></i></a> |
| </li> | | </li> |
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| <!-- Start Contact Widget --> | | <!-- Start Contact Widget --> |
| <div class="col-md-3"> | | <div class="col-md-3"> |
− | <div class="footer-widget"> | + | <div class="footer-widget" style="padding:0:margin:0" > |
| <h4>Contact us<span class="head-line" ></span></h4> | | <h4>Contact us<span class="head-line" ></span></h4> |
− | <div class="footer-widget contact-widget" style="font-size:12px"> | + | <div class="footer-widget contact-widget"> |
| <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/e/e1/Peking-footer-logo-1.png" style="max-height:100px;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:10px" class="img-responsive" alt="Peking iGEM 2015 Logo" > | | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/e/e1/Peking-footer-logo-1.png" style="max-height:100px;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:10px" class="img-responsive" alt="Peking iGEM 2015 Logo" > |
| | | |
− | <ul> | + | <ul style="font-size:12px;color:#b4b4b4"> |
− | <li><span>Email:</span> pekingigem@gmail.com</li> | + | <li><span>Email:</span> <a href="Mailto:pekingigem@gmail.com&Subject=Hello&Body=Hi, Peking iGEM!"style="color:#b4b4b4">pekingigem@gmail.com</li> |
− | <li><span>Website:</span> <a href="2015.igem.org/Team:Peking" style="color:#b4b4b4">2015.igem.org/Team:Peking</a></li> | + | <li><span>Website:</span> <a href="2015.igem.org/Team:Peking" style="color:#b4b4b4"> 2015.igem.org/Team:Peking</a></li> |
| <li><span>Address:</span> Peking University, <br>No.5 Yiheyuan Road Haidian District, <br>Beijing, P.R.China 100871</li> | | <li><span>Address:</span> Peking University, <br>No.5 Yiheyuan Road Haidian District, <br>Beijing, P.R.China 100871</li> |
| </ul> | | </ul> |
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| <div class="copyright-section"> | | <div class="copyright-section"> |
| <div class="row"> | | <div class="row"> |
− | <div class="col-md-6"> | + | <div class="col-md-12" style="padding:0;margin:0;height:30px"> |
− | <p>© 2015 Peking iGEM - All Rights Reserved. Based on Bootstrap and Margo template.</p> | + | <p class="text-center">© 2015 Peking iGEM - All Rights Reserved. Based on <a href="http://getbootstrap.com/"style="color:#b4b4b4">Bootstrap</a> and Margo template.</p> |
| </div> | | </div> |
| | | |
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| </div> | | </div> |
| </div> | | </div> |
− |
| + | |
| + | |
| <!-- add ?action=raw&ctype=text/javascript when using Js--> | | <!-- add ?action=raw&ctype=text/javascript when using Js--> |
| <!-- Margo JS --> | | <!-- Margo JS --> |
Line 456: |
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| } | | } |
| function changePos(id,height){ | | function changePos(id,height){ |
− | var obj = document.getElementById(id); | + | var obj = document.getElementById(id);var windowBottom = $(window).scrollTop() + $(window).innerHeight(); |
| var scrollTop = document.documentElement.scrollTop || document.body.scrollTop - 150; | | var scrollTop = document.documentElement.scrollTop || document.body.scrollTop - 150; |
− | if(scrollTop < height){ | + | var windowBottom = $(window).scrollTop() + $(window).innerHeight(); |
− | obj.style.position = 'relative'; | + | var w = window.innerWidth; |
| + | if(w>=1024){ |
| + | if($(window).scrollTop() + $(window).height() > $(document).height() - 260){ |
| + | $('#sidebar1').fadeOut("fast");}else{$('#sidebar1').fadeIn("fast");} |
| + | } |
| + | if(scrollTop < height){ obj.style.position = 'relative'; |
| }else{ | | }else{ |
| obj.style.position = 'fixed'; | | obj.style.position = 'fixed'; |
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| } | | } |
| </script> | | </script> |
| + | |
| + | |
| | | |
| </body> | | </body> |
| </html> | | </html> |