Team:Macquarie Australia/Practices/Mythbusters
The chlorophyll molecule is a major component of the photosynthetic pathway and our iGEM project. In developing our business implementation strategy and discussing the project with members of the public, we realised that there is significant public discourse about chlorophyll and that this may influence the reception of our project.We wanted to comprehend the narrative around chlorophyll and identify ways in which we can influence public perception to encompass properties of the molecule that relate to how we intend to utilise it.
Through our research we’ve found that the media positions chlorophyll as a natural and potent way to treat a variety of ailments and encourages its ingestion via concentrated supplements. However, in an attempt to present the health claims as scientifically legitimate, the findings of peer reviewed journals are often misrepresented.
The infographic below details the exaggerated claims made by websites regarding chlorophyll and contrasts them with the actual findings of the journals referenced.
References
- Group, E. (2014). 10 Amazing Benefits of Chlorophyll. Retrieved from Global Healing Centre: http://www.globalhealingcenter.com/natural-health/10-amazing-benefits-of-chlorophyll/
- El-Sayed, W. M., Hussin, W. A., Mahmoud, A. A., & AlFredan, M. A. (2013). The Conyza triloba extracts with high chlorophyll content and free radical scavenging activity had anticancer activity in cell lines. Biomedical Research International.
- Zhang, Y. L., Guan, L., Zhou P, H., Mao, L. J., Zhao Z, M., Li S, Q., ... Zhao J, Y. (2012). The protective effect of chlorophyllin against oxidative damage and its mechanism. The Chinese Journal of Internal Medicine.
- Subramoniam, A., Asha, V. V., Nair, S. A., Sasidharan, S. P., Sureshkumar, P. K., Rajendran, K. N., ... & Ramalingam, K. (2012). Chlorophyll Revisited: Anti-inflammatory Activities of Chlorophyll a and Inhibition of Expression of TNF-Α Gene by the Same. Inflammation.
- Maekawa, L. E., Lamping, R., Marcacci, S., Maekawa, M. Y., Nassri, M. R. G., & Koga-Ito, C. Y. (2007). Antimicrobial activity of chlorophyll-based solution on Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis. Réseau de Recherche en Santé Buccodentaire et Osseuse.
- Shaughnessy, D. T., Gangarosa, L. M., Schliebe, B., Umbach, D. M., Xu, Z., MacIntosh, B., ... & Taylor, J. A. (2011). Inhibition of fried meat-induced colorectal DNA damage and altered systemic genotoxicity in humans by crucifera, chlorophyllin, and yogurt. Public Library of Science One.
- Young, R. W., & Beregi, J. S. (1980). Use of chlorophyllin in the care of geriatric patients. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.
- Miret, S., Tascioglu, S., van der Burg, M., Frenken, L., & Klaffke, W. (2009). In vitro bioavailability of iron from the heme analogue sodium iron chlorophyllin. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry.
- Dingley, K. H., Ubick, E. A., Chiarappa-Zucca, M. L., Nowell, S., Abel, S., Ebeler, S. E., ... & Clifford, A. J. (2003). Effect of dietary constituents with chemopreventive potential on adduct formation of a low dose of the heterocyclic amines PhIP and IQ and phase II hepatic enzymes. Nutrition and Cancer.
- Stenblom, E. L., Montelius, C., Östbring, K., Håkansson, M., Nilsson, S., Rehfeld, J. F., & Erlanson-Albertsson, C. (2013). Supplementation by thylakoids to a high carbohydrate meal decreases feelings of hunger, elevates CCK levels and prevents postprandial hypoglycaemia in overweight women. Appetite.
Additional References
| Webpage title | Website name | What the webpage claims about chlorophyll | Webpage reference | Journal article cited |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 10 Amazing Benefits of Chlorophyll | Global Healing Center | Helps control hunger and cravings | Group, E. (2014). 10 Amazing Benefits of Chlorophyll. Retrieved from Global Healing Center. | Stenblom, E. L., Montelius, C., Östbring, K., Håkansson, M., Nilsson, S., Rehfeld, J. F., & Erlanson-Albertsson, C. (2013). Supplementation by thylakoids to a high carbohydrate meal decreases feelings of hunger, elevates CCK levels and prevents postprandial hypoglycaemia in overweight women. Appetite, 68, 118-123. |
| 10 Amazing Benefits of Chlorophyll | Global Healing Center | Controls body odour, alleviates gas and constipation | Group, E. (2014). 10 Amazing Benefits of Chlorophyll. Retrieved from Global Healing Center. | Young, R. W., & Beregi, J. S. (1980). Use of chlorophyllin in the care of geriatric patients. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 28(1), 46-47. |
| 10 Amazing Benefits of Chlorophyll | Global Healing Center | Encourages healing | Group, E. (2014). 10 Amazing Benefits of Chlorophyll. Retrieved from Global Healing Center. | Esten, M. M., & Dannin, A. G. (1950). Chlorophyll therapy and its relation to pathogenic bacteria. Butler University Botanical Studies, 212-217. |
| 10 Amazing Benefits of Chlorophyll | Global Healing Center | Encourages healing | Group, E. (2014). 10 Amazing Benefits of Chlorophyll. Retrieved from Global Healing Center. | Weir, D., & Farley, K. L. (2006). Relative delivery efficiency and convenience of spray and ointment formulations of papain/urea/chlorophyllin enzymatic wound therapies. Journal of Wound Ostomy & Continence Nursing, 33(5), 482-490. |
| 10 Amazing Benefits of Chlorophyll | Global Healing Center | Promotes cleansing | Group, E. (2014). 10 Amazing Benefits of Chlorophyll. Retrieved from Global Healing Center. | Jubert, C., Mata, J., Bench, G., Dashwood, R., Pereira, C., Tracewell, W., ... & Bailey, G. (2009). Effects of chlorophyll and chlorophyllin on low-dose aflatoxin B1 pharmacokinetics in human volunteers. Cancer prevention research, 2(12), 1015-1022. |
| 10 Amazing Benefits of Chlorophyll | Global Healing Center | Protects DNA against fried foods | Group, E. (2014). 10 Amazing Benefits of Chlorophyll. Retrieved from Global Healing Center. | Shaughnessy, D. T., Gangarosa, L. M., Schliebe, B., Umbach, D. M., Xu, Z., MacIntosh, B., ... & Taylor, J. A. (2011). Inhibition of fried meat-induced colorectal DNA damage and altered systemic genotoxicity in humans by crucifera, chlorophyllin, and yogurt. PLoS One, 6(4). |
| 10 Amazing Benefits of Chlorophyll | Global Healing Center | Antioxidant | Group, E. (2014). 10 Amazing Benefits of Chlorophyll. Retrieved from Global Healing Center. | Zhang, Y. L., Guan, L., Zhou, P. H., Mao, L. J., Zhao, Z. M., Li, S. Q., ... & Zhao, J. Y. (2012). [The protective effect of chlorophyllin against oxidative damage and its mechanism]. Zhonghua nei ke za zhi, 51(6), 466-470. |
| 10 Amazing Benefits of Chlorophyll | Global Healing Center | Antioxidant | Group, E. (2014). 10 Amazing Benefits of Chlorophyll. Retrieved from Global Healing Center. | El-Sayed, W. M., Hussin, W. A., Mahmoud, A. A., & AlFredan, M. A. (2013). The Conyza triloba extracts with high chlorophyll content and free radical scavenging activity had anticancer activity in cell lines. BioMed Research International. |
| 10 Amazing Benefits of Chlorophyll | Global Healing Center | Has potential for cancer therapy | Group, E. (2014). 10 Amazing Benefits of Chlorophyll. Retrieved from Global Healing Center. | Balder, H. F., Vogel, J., Jansen, M. C., Weijenberg, M. P., van den Brandt, P. A., Westenbrink, S., ... & Goldbohm, R. A. (2006). Heme and chlorophyll intake and risk of colorectal cancer in the Netherlands cohort study. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention, 15(4), 717-725. |
| 10 Amazing Benefits of Chlorophyll | Global Healing Center | Has potential for cancer therapy | Group, E. (2014). 10 Amazing Benefits of Chlorophyll. Retrieved from Global Healing Center. | Dingley, K. H., Ubick, E. A., Chiarappa-Zucca, M. L., Nowell, S., Abel, S., Ebeler, S. E., ... & Clifford, A. J. (2003). Effect of dietary constituents with chemopreventive potential on adduct formation of a low dose of the heterocyclic amines PhIP and IQ and phase II hepatic enzymes. Nutrition and Cancer, 46(2), 212-221. |
| 10 Amazing Benefits of Chlorophyll | Global Healing Center | Effective against Candida albicans | Group, E. (2014). 10 Amazing Benefits of Chlorophyll. Retrieved from Global Healing Center. | Maekawa, L. E., Lamping, R., Marcacci, S., Maekawa, M. Y., Nassri, M. R. G., & Koga-Ito, C. Y. (2007). Antimicrobial activity of chlorophyll-based solution on Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis. RSBO (Impr.), 4(2). |
| 10 Amazing Benefits of Chlorophyll | Global Healing Center | Relieves systemic redness and swelling | Group, E. (2014). 10 Amazing Benefits of Chlorophyll. Retrieved from Global Healing Center. | Subramoniam, A., Asha, V. V., Nair, S. A., Sasidharan, S. P., Sureshkumar, P. K., Rajendran, K. N., ... & Ramalingam, K. (2012). Chlorophyll Revisited: Anti-inflammatory Activities of Chlorophyll a and Inhibition of Expression of TNF-Α Gene by the Same. Inflammation, 35(3), 959-966. |
| 10 Amazing Benefits of Chlorophyll | Global Healing Center | Promotes healthy iron levels | Group, E. (2014). 10 Amazing Benefits of Chlorophyll. Retrieved from Global Healing Center. | Miret, S., Tascioglu, S., van der Burg, M., Frenken, L., & Klaffke, W. (2009). In vitro bioavailability of iron from the heme analogue sodium iron chlorophyllin. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 58(2), 1327-1332. |
| What Are the Benefits of Drinking Liquid Chlorophyll? | Live Strong | Increases the quantity and quality of red blood cells due to chlorophyl having similar structure to haemoglobin | Jacobs, J. (2015). What Are the Benefits of Drinking Liquid Chlorophyll? Retrieved from Livestrong. | Grimm, B. (Ed.). (2007). Chlorophylls and bacteriochlorophylls: biochemistry, biophysics, functions and applications (Vol. 25). Springer Science & Business Media. |
| What Are the Benefits of Drinking Liquid Chlorophyll? | Live Strong | Antioxidant | Jacobs, J. (2015). What Are the Benefits of Drinking Liquid Chlorophyll? Retrieved from Livestrong. | Grimm, B. (Ed.). (2007). Chlorophylls and bacteriochlorophylls: biochemistry, biophysics, functions and applications (Vol. 25). Springer Science & Business Media. |
| Chlorophyll Supplementation | The Health Wyze Report | Prevent cancer, heart disease, diabetes, bad odours and promotes healing of bruises | Corriher, S. C. (n.d.). Chlorophyll Supplementation. Retrieved from The Health Wyze Report. | None cited. |
| Chlorophyll and Chlorophyllin | Oregon State University Linus Pauling Institute | Forms complexes with carcinogens | Higdon, J. (2009). Chlorophyll and Chlorophyllin. Retrieved from Linus Pauling Institute Micronutrient Information Centre. | Tachino, N., Guo, D., Dashwood, W. M., Yamane, S., Larsen, R., & Dashwood, R. (1994). Mechanisms of the in vitro antimutagenic action of chlorophyllin against benzo [a] pyrene: studies of enzyme inhibition, molecular complex formation and degradation of the ultimate carcinogen. Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis, 308(2), 191-203. |
| Chlorophyll and Chlorophyllin | Oregon State University Linus Pauling Institute | Forms complexes with carcinogens | Higdon, J. (2009). Chlorophyll and Chlorophyllin. Retrieved from Linus Pauling Institute Micronutrient Information Centre. | Dashwood, R., Yamane, S., & Larsen, R. (1996). Study of the forces stabilizing complexes between chlorophylls and heterocyclic amine mutagens. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, 27(3), 211-218. |
| Chlorophyll and Chlorophyllin | Oregon State University Linus Pauling Institute | Forms complexes with carcinogens | Higdon, J. (2009). Chlorophyll and Chlorophyllin. Retrieved from Linus Pauling Institute Micronutrient Information Centre. | Breinholt, V., Schimerlik, M., Dashwood, R., & Bailey, G. (1995). Mechanisms of chlorophyllin anticarcinogenesis against aflatoxin B1: complex formation with the carcinogen. Chemical Research in Toxicology, 8(4), 506-514. |
| Chlorophyll and Chlorophyllin | Oregon State University Linus Pauling Institute | Reduces gastrointestinal absorption of potential carcinogens | Higdon, J. (2009). Chlorophyll and Chlorophyllin. Retrieved from Linus Pauling Institute Micronutrient Information Centre. | Egner, P. A., Muñoz, A., & Kensler, T. W. (2003). Chemoprevention with chlorophyllin in individuals exposed to dietary aflatoxin. Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis, 523, 209-216. |
| Chlorophyll and Chlorophyllin | Oregon State University Linus Pauling Institute | Antioxidant | Higdon, J. (2009). Chlorophyll and Chlorophyllin. Retrieved from Linus Pauling Institute Micronutrient Information Centre. | Kumar, S. S., Devasagayam, T. P. A., Bhushan, B., & Verma, N. C. (2001). Scavenging of reactive oxygen species by chlorophyllin: an ESR study. Free Radical Research, 35(5), 563-574. |
| Chlorophyll and Chlorophyllin | Oregon State University Linus Pauling Institute | Antioxidant | Higdon, J. (2009). Chlorophyll and Chlorophyllin. Retrieved from Linus Pauling Institute Micronutrient Information Centre. | Kamat, J. P., Boloor, K. K., & Devasagayam, T. P. (2000). Chlorophyllin as an effective antioxidant against membrane damage in vitro and ex vivo. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, 1487(2), 113-127. |
| Chlorophyll and Chlorophyllin | Oregon State University Linus Pauling Institute | Antioxidant | Higdon, J. (2009). Chlorophyll and Chlorophyllin. Retrieved from Linus Pauling Institute Micronutrient Information Centre. | Park, K. K., Park, J. H., Jung, Y. J., & Chung, W. Y. (2003). Inhibitory effects of chlorophyllin, hemin and tetrakis (4-benzoic acid) porphyrin on oxidative DNA damage and mouse skin inflammation induced by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate as a possible anti-tumor promoting mechanism. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, 542(1), 89-97. |
| Chlorophyll and Chlorophyllin | Oregon State University Linus Pauling Institute | Antioxidant | Higdon, J. (2009). Chlorophyll and Chlorophyllin. Retrieved from Linus Pauling Institute Micronutrient Information Centre. | Kumar, S. S., Shankar, B., & Sainis, K. B. (2004). Effect of chlorophyllin against oxidative stress in splenic lymphocytes in vitro and in vivo. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-General Subjects, 1672(2), 100-111. |
| Chlorophyll and Chlorophyllin | Oregon State University Linus Pauling Institute | Inhibits the "procarcinogen" enzyme family P450 | Higdon, J. (2009). Chlorophyll and Chlorophyllin. Retrieved from Linus Pauling Institute Micronutrient Information Centre. | Yun, C. H., Jeong, H. G., Jhoun, J. W., & Guengerich, F. P. (1995). Non-specific inhibition of cytochrome P450 activities by chlorophyllin in human and rat liver microsomes. Carcinogenesis, 16(6), 1437-1440. |
| Chlorophyll and Chlorophyllin | Oregon State University Linus Pauling Institute | Promotes the elimination of potentially harmful toxins and carcinogens | Higdon, J. (2009). Chlorophyll and Chlorophyllin. Retrieved from Linus Pauling Institute Micronutrient Information Centre. | Dingley, K. H., Ubick, E. A., Chiarappa-Zucca, M. L., Nowell, S., Abel, S., Ebeler, S. E., ... & Clifford, A. J. (2003). Effect of dietary constituents with chemopreventive potential on adduct formation of a low dose of the heterocyclic amines PhIP and IQ and phase II hepatic enzymes. Nutrition and Cancer, 46(2), 212-221. |
| Chlorophyll and Chlorophyllin | Oregon State University Linus Pauling Institute | Arrests colon cancer cell cycle | Higdon, J. (2009). Chlorophyll and Chlorophyllin. Retrieved from Linus Pauling Institute Micronutrient Information Centre. | Chimploy, K., Díaz, G. D., Li, Q., Carter, O., Dashwood, W. M., Mathews, C. K., ... & Dashwood, R. H. (2009). E2F4 and ribonucleotide reductase mediate S-phase arrest in colon cancer cells treated with chlorophyllin. International Journal of Cancer, 125(9), 2086-2094. |
| Chlorophyll and Chlorophyllin | Oregon State University Linus Pauling Institute | Prevents alpha-toxin associated liver cancer | Higdon, J. (2009). Chlorophyll and Chlorophyllin. Retrieved from Linus Pauling Institute Micronutrient Information Centre. | Dashwood, R. H., Breinholt, V., & Bailey, G. S. (1991). Chemopreventive properties of chlorophyllin: inhibition of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-DNA binding in vivo and anti-mutagenic activity against AFB1 and two heterocyclic amines in the Salmonella mutagenicity assay. Carcinogenesis, 12(5), 939-942. |
| Chlorophyll and Chlorophyllin | Oregon State University Linus Pauling Institute | Prevents alpha-toxin associated liver cancer | Higdon, J. (2009). Chlorophyll and Chlorophyllin. Retrieved from Linus Pauling Institute Micronutrient Information Centre. | Kensler, T. W., Groopman, J. D., & Roebuck, B. D. (1998). Use of aflatoxin adducts as intermediate endpoints to assess the efficacy of chemopreventive interventions in animals and man. Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis, 402(1), 165-172. |
| Chlorophyll and Chlorophyllin | Oregon State University Linus Pauling Institute | Prevents alpha-toxin associated liver cancer | Higdon, J. (2009). Chlorophyll and Chlorophyllin. Retrieved from Linus Pauling Institute Micronutrient Information Centre. | Simonich, M. T., Egner, P. A., Roebuck, B. D., Orner, G. A., Jubert, C., Pereira, C., ... & Bailey, G. S. (2007). Natural chlorophyll inhibits aflatoxin B1-induced multi-organ carcinogenesis in the rat. Carcinogenesis, 28(6), 1294-1302. |
| Chlorophyll and Chlorophyllin | Oregon State University Linus Pauling Institute | Prevents alpha-toxin associated liver cancer | Higdon, J. (2009). Chlorophyll and Chlorophyllin. Retrieved from Linus Pauling Institute Micronutrient Information Centre. | Breinholt, V., Hendricks, J., Pereira, C., Arbogast, D., & Bailey, G. (1995). Dietary chlorophyllin is a potent inhibitor of aflatoxin B1 hepatocarcinogenesis in rainbow trout. Cancer Research, 55(1), 57-62. |
| Chlorophyll and Chlorophyllin | Oregon State University Linus Pauling Institute | Prevents alpha-toxin associated liver cancer | Higdon, J. (2009). Chlorophyll and Chlorophyllin. Retrieved from Linus Pauling Institute Micronutrient Information Centre. | Orner, G. A., Roebuck, B. D., Dashwood, R. H., & Bailey, G. S. (2006). Post-initiation chlorophyllin exposure does not modulate aflatoxin-induced foci in the liver and colon of rats. Journal of Carcinogenesis, 5(1), 6. |
| Chlorophyll and Chlorophyllin | Oregon State University Linus Pauling Institute | Prevents alpha-toxin associated liver cancer | Higdon, J. (2009). Chlorophyll and Chlorophyllin. Retrieved from Linus Pauling Institute Micronutrient Information Centre. | Qian, G. S., Ross, R. K., Yu, M. C., Yuan, J. M., Gao, Y. T., Henderson, B. E., ... & Groopman, J. D. (1994). A follow-up study of urinary markers of aflatoxin exposure and liver cancer risk in Shanghai, People's Republic of China. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention, 3(1), 3-10. |
| Chlorophyll and Chlorophyllin | Oregon State University Linus Pauling Institute | Prevents alpha-toxin associated liver cancer | Higdon, J. (2009). Chlorophyll and Chlorophyllin. Retrieved from Linus Pauling Institute Micronutrient Information Centre. | Egner, P. A., Wang, J. B., Zhu, Y. R., Zhang, B. C., Wu, Y., Zhang, Q. N., ... & Kensler, T. W. (2001). Chlorophyllin intervention reduces aflatoxin–DNA adducts in individuals at high risk for liver cancer. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 98(25), 14601-14606. |
| Chlorophyll and Chlorophyllin | Oregon State University Linus Pauling Institute | Internal deodorant | Higdon, J. (2009). Chlorophyll and Chlorophyllin. Retrieved from Linus Pauling Institute Micronutrient Information Centre. | Chernomorsky, S. A., & Segelman, A. B. (1988). Biological activities of chlorophyll derivatives. New Jersey Medicine: the Journal of the Medical Society of New Jersey, 85(8), 669. |
| Chlorophyll and Chlorophyllin | Oregon State University Linus Pauling Institute | Internal deodorant | Higdon, J. (2009). Chlorophyll and Chlorophyllin. Retrieved from Linus Pauling Institute Micronutrient Information Centre. | Siegel, L. H. (1960). The control of ileostomy and colostomy odors. Gastroenterology, 38, 634. |
| Chlorophyll and Chlorophyllin | Oregon State University Linus Pauling Institute | Internal deodorant | Higdon, J. (2009). Chlorophyll and Chlorophyllin. Retrieved from Linus Pauling Institute Micronutrient Information Centre. | Weingarten, M., & Payson, B. (1951). Deodorization of colostomies with chlorophyll. The Review of Gastroenterology, 18(8), 602-604. |
| Chlorophyll and Chlorophyllin | Oregon State University Linus Pauling Institute | Internal deodorant | Higdon, J. (2009). Chlorophyll and Chlorophyllin. Retrieved from Linus Pauling Institute Micronutrient Information Centre. | Christiansen, S. B., Byel, S. R., Strømsted, H., Stenderup, J. K., & Eickhoff, J. H. (1989). [Can chlorophyll reduce fecal odor in colostomy patients?]. Ugeskrift for Laeger, 151(27), 1753-1754. |
| Chlorophyll and Chlorophyllin | Oregon State University Linus Pauling Institute | Internal deodorant | Higdon, J. (2009). Chlorophyll and Chlorophyllin. Retrieved from Linus Pauling Institute Micronutrient Information Centre. | Yamazaki, H., Fujieda, M., Togashi, M., Saito, T., Preti, G., Cashman, J. R., & Kamataki, T. (2004). Effects of the dietary supplements, activated charcoal and copper chlorophyllin, on urinary excretion of trimethylamine in Japanese trimethylaminuria patients. Life Sciences, 74(22), 2739-2747. |
| Chlorophyll and Chlorophyllin | Oregon State University Linus Pauling Institute | Heals wounds | Higdon, J. (2009). Chlorophyll and Chlorophyllin. Retrieved from Linus Pauling Institute Micronutrient Information Centre. | Kephart, J. C. (1955). Chlorophyll derivatives—Their chemistry? commercial preparation and uses. Economic Botany, 9(1), 3-38. |
| Chlorophyll and Chlorophyllin | Oregon State University Linus Pauling Institute | Heals wounds | Higdon, J. (2009). Chlorophyll and Chlorophyllin. Retrieved from Linus Pauling Institute Micronutrient Information Centre. | Bowers, W. F. (1947). Chlorophyll in wound healing and suppurative disease. The American Journal of Surgery, 73(1), 37-50. |
| Chlorophyll and Chlorophyllin | Oregon State University Linus Pauling Institute | Heals wounds | Higdon, J. (2009). Chlorophyll and Chlorophyllin. Retrieved from Linus Pauling Institute Micronutrient Information Centre. | Carpenter, E. B. (1949). Clinical experiences with chlorophyll preparations: with particular reference to chronic osteomyelitis and chronic ulcers. The American Journal of Surgery, 77(2), 167-171. |
| Chlorophyll and Chlorophyllin | Oregon State University Linus Pauling Institute | Heals wounds | Higdon, J. (2009). Chlorophyll and Chlorophyllin. Retrieved from Linus Pauling Institute Micronutrient Information Centre. | Smith, R. G. (2008). Enzymatic debriding agents: an evaluation of the medical literature. Ostomy/Wound management, 54(8), 16-34. |
| Chlorophyll and Chlorophyllin | Oregon State University Linus Pauling Institute | Heals wounds | Higdon, J. (2009). Chlorophyll and Chlorophyllin. Retrieved from Linus Pauling Institute Micronutrient Information Centre. | Weir, D., & Farley, K. L. (2006). Relative delivery efficiency and convenience of spray and ointment formulations of papain/urea/chlorophyllin enzymatic wound therapies. Journal of Wound Ostomy & Continence Nursing, 33(5), 482-490. |
| Chlorophyll and Chlorophyllin | Oregon State University Linus Pauling Institute | Controls body odor - improve body and faecal odors. Also alleviates gas and constipation. | Higdon, J. (2009). Chlorophyll and Chlorophyllin. Retrieved from Linus Pauling Institute Micronutrient Information Centre. | Young, R. W., & Beregi, J. S. (1980). Use of chlorophyllin in the care of geriatric patients. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 28(1), 46-47. |