Difference between revisions of "Team:Macquarie Australia/Description"

Project Description

The Looming Energy Crisis

The global population currently faces a looming energy crisis^1,2. Fossil fuels - the traditional sources of energy used to facilitate human civilisation - are dwindling in supply¹. Therefore, alternative energy sources must be discovered and developed in order to achieve future energy security.

Attempted Solutions

Renewable energy technologies which indirectly harness the power of the sun - such as wind and wave power - are currently utilised across the world in varying degrees^2,3. It is also increasingly popular to directly harness solar power by converting light energy to electrical energy in solar cells³. However, there are issues associated with the implementation of this technology such as the energy-expensive nature of solar cell and battery construction and maintenance.

Photosynthesis - Nature’s Answer to the Problem

It's well known that photosynthesis is nature's own way of converting light energy from the sun into chemical energy in the form of glucose. The goal of Macquarie University's 2015 iGEM team - the Solar Synthesisers - is to utilise the solar-harnessing powers of chlorophyll and photosystem II in order to produce an environmentally friendly and renewable source of chemical energy, namely Hydrogen gas. When combusted Hydrogen gas produces only water and energy - this is highly desirable from an environmental perspective⁴.

The Solar Synthesisers’ Project

To achieve this goal we're building on the ground-breaking work of last year's gold medal-winning Macquarie University iGEM team by transforming E. coli with the genes required to complete the chlorophyll biosynthesis pathway and create photosystem II in this bacterial species. These systems will allow for the use of solar energy to split water into positively-charged hydrogen ions, electrons, and oxygen. Our next goal is then to combine the hydrogen ions and electrons produced in this hydrolytic process in a hydrogenase enzyme complex in order to produce hydrogen gas on an industrial scale. Hence in order to produce a renewable and environmentally-friendly source of energy we present the Solar Synthesisers’ 3 step plan: Capture, Transfer and Synthesise!

Capture

In order to capture light energy from the sun we aim to use chlorophyll pigment to capture photons. We aim to transform and express within E. coli the 13 genes required to complete the chlorophyll synthesis pathway in this species.

Transfer

In photosystem II the energy captured by the chlorophylls is used to split water into protons, electrons, and molecular oxygen.

Synthesise

The next step is the combination of two protons and two electrons in a hydrogenase enzyme complex to synthesise hydrogen gas. The commercially-viable production of industrial quantities of hydrogen gas will represent the successful completion of our project.

What is new from last year?

We completed the genes within the Chlorophyll biosynthesis pathway. (link to results) We started, and constructed 10 out of the 17 Photosystem-II genes into composite parts.

Experimental Organism - Why E.coli?

One of the key question from last year's team during the Jamboree was why not engineer a photosynthetic organism, instead of expressing a whole metabolic pathway into E.coli.

Answer this, James

References

1. Armaroli, N. & Balzani, V. (2011). The hydrogen issue. ChemSusChem, 4: 21–36.
2. Kessel, D.G. (2000). Global warming: facts, assessment, countermeasures. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 26: 157–168.
3. Ellabban, O., Abu-Rub, H. & Blaabjerg, F. (2014). Renewable energy resources: current status, future prospects and their enabling technology. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 39, 748–764. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.113.
4. Altork, L.N. & Busby, J. R. (2010). Hydrogen fuel cells: part of the solution. Technology and Engineering Teacher, 70(2), 22-27.