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− | <p>Proteorhodopsin (PR) is a light-powered proton pump that belongs to the rhodopsin family. It is a 7-transmembrane protein, which uses all-trans-retinal as the chromophore. It uses <span class="i_enph">light energy</span> to generate an <span class="i_enph">outward proton flux</span>. The increased proton motive force across the membrane can power cellular processes, such as ATP synthesis, chemiosmotic reactions and rotary flagellar motor [1]. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that light-activated proton pumping by proteorhodopsin can drive ATP synthesis as proton reenter the cell through the H<sup>+</sup>-ATP synthase complex[2].</p> | + | <p>Proteorhodopsin (PR) is a light-powered proton pump that belongs to the rhodopsin family. It is a 7-transmembrane protein, which uses all-trans retinal as the chromophore. It uses <span class="i_enph">light energy</span> to generate an <span class="i_enph">outward proton flux</span>. The increased proton motive force across the membrane can power cellular processes, such as ATP synthesis, chemiosmotic reactions and rotary flagellar motor <sup><a class="sourced" onclick="javascript:scrollAndHighlight('refs_1')" href="#refs_1">[1]</a></sup>. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that light-activated proton pumping by proteorhodopsin can drive <strong>ATP synthesis</strong> as proton reenter the cell through the H<sup>+</sup>-ATP synthase complex<sup><a class="sourced" onclick="javascript:scrollAndHighlight('refs_2')" href="#refs_2">[2]</a></sup>.</p> |
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| <a class="fancybox" rel="group" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/1/1b/Unitn_pics_project_cluster_pr.png" title="Schematic representation of the PR gene cluster identified in clone HF10_19P19"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/d/db/Unitn_pics_project_cluster_pr_thumb.png" alt="" style="width:100%; max-width:700px;"/></a> | | <a class="fancybox" rel="group" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/1/1b/Unitn_pics_project_cluster_pr.png" title="Schematic representation of the PR gene cluster identified in clone HF10_19P19"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/d/db/Unitn_pics_project_cluster_pr_thumb.png" alt="" style="width:100%; max-width:700px;"/></a> |
− | <p class="image_caption"><span>Schematic representation of the PR gene cluster identified in clone HF10_19P19</span>Predicted transcription terminators are indicated in red. (Four genes are for beta-carotene synthesis, blh for retinal production, and PR itself.</p> | + | <p class="image_caption"><span>Schematic representation of the PR gene cluster identified in clone HF10_19P19</span>Predicted transcription terminators are indicated in red. Four genes are for beta-carotene synthesis, blh for retinal production, and PR itself.</p> |
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− | <p>The sequence of our part belongs to the uncultured marine Gammaproteobacteria of the SAR86 group. The original cluster is composed of 6 genes: in addition to the one encoding proteorhodopsin itself, four are involved in beta-carotene production and one is implied in beta-carotene cleavage into two molecules of retinal. From the analysis of our part sequence we found out that our protein belongs to the blue absorbing group. [3]</p> | + | <p>The sequence of our part belongs to the uncultured marine Gammaproteobacteria of the <strong>SAR86 group</strong>. The original cluster is composed of 6 genes: in addition to the one encoding proteorhodopsin itself, four are involved in beta-carotene production and one is implied in beta-carotene cleavage into two molecules of retinal. From the analysis of our part sequence we found out that our protein belongs to the blue absorbing group.<sup><a class="sourced" onclick="javascript:scrollAndHighlight('refs_3')" href="#refs_3">[3]</a></sup></p> |
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− | Fig 3 | + | <a class="fancybox" rel="group" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/f/f7/Unitn_pics_prschema.png" title="Parts BBa_K1604010 and BBa_K1604025"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/6/64/Unitn_pics_prschema_thumb.png" alt="" style="width:100%; max-width:800px;"/></a> |
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− | <p>Proteorhodopsin was taken from the Registry (<a href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K773002" class="i_linker registry" target="_blank">BBa_K773002</a> ) part of <a href="https://2012.igem.org/Team:Caltech" target="_blank" class="authorCite">Caltech 2012</a>. From the experience of Caltech 2012 we saw that they were not able to express and functionally characterize the part. We took the challenge to improve this part!</p> | + | <p>Proteorhodopsin was taken from the Registry (<a href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K773002" class="i_linker registry" target="_blank">BBa_K773002</a> ) part of <a href="https://2012.igem.org/Team:Caltech" target="_blank" class="authorCite">Caltech 2012</a>. From the experience of Caltech 2012 we saw that they were not able to express and functionally characterize the part. We took the challenge to <strong>improve this part</strong>!</p> |
| <p style="margin-bottom:0">We have built two different devices to produce Proteorhodopsin and added a RBS which was missing:</p> | | <p style="margin-bottom:0">We have built two different devices to produce Proteorhodopsin and added a RBS which was missing:</p> |
| <ul class="customlist arrowed" style="margin-top:0.5em"> | | <ul class="customlist arrowed" style="margin-top:0.5em"> |
| <li><a class="i_linker registry" href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K1604010" target="_blank">BBa_K1604010</a>: Proteorhodopsin producing device under the control of araC-pBAD.</li> | | <li><a class="i_linker registry" href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K1604010" target="_blank">BBa_K1604010</a>: Proteorhodopsin producing device under the control of araC-pBAD.</li> |
− | <li>BBa_K16040xx: Device for the production of Proteorhodopsin and biosynthesis of retinal</li> | + | <li><a class="i_linker registry" href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K1604025" target="_blank">BBa_K1604025</a> : Device for the production of Proteorhodopsin and biosynthesis of retinal</li> |
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− | <p style="clear:both;">We have screened several parameters (media, temperature, time of induction) to discover that the optimal expression conditions were in LB at 37°C overnight in the presence of 10 μM of all-trans retinal. Attempts to express the protein in the absence of retinal failed. Proteorhodopsin is a membrane protein that needs the time to fold properly into the membrane and requires retinal to bind the pocket and help the formation of the proper folding.</p> | + | <p style="clear:both;">We have screened several parameters (media, temperature, time of induction) to discover that the optimal expression conditions were in <strong>LB at 37 °C overnight</strong> in the presence of 10 μM of all-trans retinal. Attempts to express the protein in the absence of retinal failed. Proteorhodopsin is a membrane protein that needs the time to fold properly into the membrane and requires retinal to bind the pocket and help the formation of the proper folding.</p> |
− | <p>The expected molecular size is 28 kDa. The SDS gel shows a band corresponding to around 37 kDa, as it was seen in other studies [4]. This is probably due to post-translational modifications.</p> | + | <p>The expected molecular size is 28 kDa. The SDS gel shows a band corresponding to around 37 kDa, as it was seen in other studies <sup><a class="sourced" onclick="javascript:scrollAndHighlight('refs_4')" href="#refs_4">[4]</a></sup>. This is probably due to post-translational modifications.</p> |
− | <p> Although LB gives the maximum expression as shown in the SDS page, we were able to successfully express proteorhodopsin also in M9 Minimal Media. This result was not visible by SDS page, but the expression is demonstrated by the presence of a bright red colored pellet typical of retinal bound to proteorhodopsin. M9 Minimal Media is the perfect culture media for our MFC to maintain the correct proton equilibration between the anodic and cathodic chambers, and keeps a more stable signal (see our MFC results). The functional characterization <i>in vivo</i> were done in LB which gives the maximum expression, except for a few tests done in M9.</p> | + | <p> Although LB gives the maximum expression as shown in the SDS-page, we were able to successfully express proteorhodopsin also in <strong>M9 Minimal Media</strong>. This result was not visible by SDS-page, but the expression is demonstrated by the presence of a bright <strong>red colored pellet</strong> typical of retinal bound to proteorhodopsin. M9 Minimal Media is the perfect culture media for our MFC to maintain the correct proton equilibration between the anodic and cathodic chambers, and keeps a more stable signal (see our MFC results). The functional characterization <i>in vivo</i> were done in LB which gives the maximum expression, except for a few tests done in M9.</p> |
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− | <a class="fancybox" rel="group" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/e/ee/Unitn_pics_results_prsds.jpg" title="Expression of Proteorhodopsin in NEB10-Beta cells"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/7/7c/Unitn_pics_results_prsds_thumb.jpg" alt="" style="width:100%; max-width:700px;"/></a> | + | <a class="fancybox" rel="group" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/e/ee/Unitn_pics_results_prsds.jpg" title="Expression of Proteorhodopsin in NEB10β cells"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/7/7c/Unitn_pics_results_prsds_thumb.jpg" alt="" style="width:100%; max-width:700px;"/></a> |
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− | <p class="image_caption"><span>Expression of Proteorhodopsin</span>NEB10β cells transformed with <a class="i_linker registry" href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K1604010" target="_blank">BBa_K1604010</a> and grown in LB and induced in LB or M9 with 5 mM arabinose and 10 μM of retinal at 30°C or 37°C. Negative control were cells transformed with <a href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K731201" class="i_linker registry" target="_blank">BBa_K731201</a> (i.e. araC-pBAD).</p> | + | <p class="image_caption"><span>Expression of Proteorhodopsin</span>NEB10β cells transformed with <a class="i_linker registry" href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K1604010" target="_blank">BBa_K1604010</a> and grown in LB and induced in LB or M9 with 5 mM arabinose and 10 μM of retinal at 30 °C or 37 °C. Negative control were cells transformed with <a href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K731201" class="i_linker registry" target="_blank">BBa_K731201</a> (i.e. araC-pBAD).</p> |
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− | <a class="fancybox" rel="group" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/0/01/Unitn_pics_results_prfalcons2_thumb.jpg" title="Expression of Proteorhodopsin in NEB10-Beta cells"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/0/01/Unitn_pics_results_prfalcons2_thumb.jpg" alt="" style="width:100%; max-width:700px;"/></a> | + | <a class="fancybox" rel="group" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/0/01/Unitn_pics_results_prfalcons2_thumb.jpg" title="Expression of Proteorhodopsin in NEB10β cells"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/0/01/Unitn_pics_results_prfalcons2_thumb.jpg" alt="" style="width:100%; max-width:700px;"/></a> |
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− | <p class="image_caption"><span>Expression of Proteorhodopsin in M9</span> Cells transformed with <a class="i_linker registry" href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K1604010" target="_blank">BBa_K1604010</a> and <a class="i_linker registry" href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K731201" target="_blank">BBa_K731201</a> were grown in LB and transferred in M9 at an OD of 0.6 and induced with arabinose with the presence of 10 μM of retinal at 37°C. After 6 hours of induction the cells were centrifuged and the supernatant was discarded. From left to right: araC-pBAD induced with retinal (A), proteorhodopsin induced with retinal (B), proteorhodopsin induced (C) and not induced (D) both without retinal.</p> | + | <p class="image_caption"><span>Expression of proteorhodopsin in M9 Minimal Media</span> Cells transformed with <a class="i_linker registry" href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K1604010" target="_blank">BBa_K1604010</a> and <a class="i_linker registry" href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K731201" target="_blank">BBa_K731201</a> were grown in LB and transferred in M9 at an OD of 0.6 and induced with arabinose with the presence of 10 μM of retinal at 37 °C. After 6 hours of induction the cells were centrifuged and the supernatant was discarded. From left to right: araC-pBAD induced with retinal (A), proteorhodopsin induced with retinal (B), proteorhodopsin induced (C) and not induced (D) both without retinal.</p> |
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− | <a class="fancybox" rel="group" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/1/12/Unitn_pics_results_prfalcons.jpg" title="Expression of Proteorhodopsin"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/8/84/Unitn_pics_results_prfalcons_thumbs.jpg" alt="" style="width:100%;"/></a> | + | <a class="fancybox" rel="group" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/1/12/Unitn_pics_results_prfalcons.jpg" title="Expression of proteorhodopsin"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/8/84/Unitn_pics_results_prfalcons_thumbs.jpg" alt="" style="width:100%;"/></a> |
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− | <p class="image_caption"><span> Purification of Proteorhodopsin.</span> NEB10β cells transformed with <a class="i_linker registry" href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K1604010" target="_blank">BBa_K1604010</a> and <a class="i_linker registry" href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K731201" target="_blank">BBa_K731201</a> were induced in LB at 37C in the presence of retinal. The cell pellets were resuspended in 50 mM Tris-Cl pH 8 with 5 mM MgCl2 and sonicated. The lysate was centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 20 min at 4C. The supernatant was ultracentrifuged for 100,000 g for 3 hours at 4C. The three tubes in front contain proteorhodopsin purified fractions and the three tubes in the back are negative controls treated in the same conditions </p> | + | <p class="image_caption"><span> Purification of Proteorhodopsin.</span> NEB10β cells transformed with <a class="i_linker registry" href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K1604010" target="_blank">BBa_K1604010</a> and <a class="i_linker registry" href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K731201" target="_blank">BBa_K731201</a> were induced in LB at 37 °C in the presence of retinal. The cell pellets were resuspended in 50 mM Tris-HCl pH 8 with 5 mM MgCl2 and sonicated. The lysate was centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 20 min at 4 °C.. The supernatant was ultracentrifuged for 100,000 x g for 3 hours at 4 °C. The three tubes in front contain proteorhodopsin purified fractions and the three tubes in the back are negative controls treated in the same conditions </p> |
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− | <p>Proteorhodpsin is a light activated proton pump that exploits the conformational change of all trans-retinal to 13-cis retinal. The activation of the pump causes an outward proton gradient that is the motive force for the ATP synthase.</p> | + | <p>Proteorhodopsin is a light activated proton pump that exploits the conformational change of all trans-retinal to 13-cis retinal. The activation of the pump causes an outward proton gradient that is the motive force for the ATP synthase.</p> |
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− | <p>We tested if light activation with a white light bulb (160 W) containing the blue wavelength, activates proteorhodopsin, thus making the bacteria survive better anaerobically and produce more ATP.</p> | + | <p>We tested if light activation with a <strong>white light bulb</strong> (160 W) containing the blue wavelength, activates proteorhodopsin, thus making the bacteria <strong>survive better anaerobically</strong> and produce <strong>more ATP</strong>.</p> |
| <p>Anaerobiosis was achieved using sealed glass bottles with a rubber septum. We got from the local pharmacy 12 sterile bottles of physiological solution. After removing the liquid, washing them and autoclaving them, the bottles were ready to host our bacteria!</p> | | <p>Anaerobiosis was achieved using sealed glass bottles with a rubber septum. We got from the local pharmacy 12 sterile bottles of physiological solution. After removing the liquid, washing them and autoclaving them, the bottles were ready to host our bacteria!</p> |
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| <p>After five hours of induction in the dark (i.e. the samples were wrapped in aluminum foils) the cultures were split in the anaerobic chamber in light and dark conditions. The cultures were placed in the thermoshaker that was illuminated from the outside. Half of the cultures were kept in the dark and the other half were exposed to the light. </p> | | <p>After five hours of induction in the dark (i.e. the samples were wrapped in aluminum foils) the cultures were split in the anaerobic chamber in light and dark conditions. The cultures were placed in the thermoshaker that was illuminated from the outside. Half of the cultures were kept in the dark and the other half were exposed to the light. </p> |
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− | <p>After an overnight exposure to the light, the ATP levels were measured with a luciferase test assay that gives you the ratio between ADP and ATP. A higher ratio corresponds to higher ADP than ATP levels, meaning that the cells are dying. A smaller ADP/ATP ratio means higher ATP levels than ADP: <b>the cells are growing </b>.</p> | + | <p>After an overnight exposure to the light, the ATP levels were measured with a luciferase test assay that gives you the ratio between ADP and ATP. A higher ratio corresponds to higher ADP than ATP levels, meaning that the cells are dying. A <strong>smaller ADP/ATP ratio</strong> means higher ATP levels than ADP: <b>the cells are growing </b>.</p> |
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− | <p>Proteorhodopsin-engineered <span class="bacterium">E. coli</span> exposed to light and under anaerobic conditions shows a much lower ADP/ATP ratio in comparison to control cells (araC-pBAD and PR in dark condition). In the light the ADP/ATP ratio of <a class="i_linker registry" href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K1604010" class="i_linker" target="_blank">BBa_K1604010</a> is 3 fold more than <a class="i_linker registry" href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K731201" class="i_linker" target="_blank">BBa_K731201</a> levels, indicating that proteorhodopsin does make more ATP in the lack of oxygen. A basal functionality of the pump is observed also in the dark. </p> | + | <p><span class="bacterium">E. coli</span> engineered with Proteorhodopsin, exposed to light and under anaerobic conditions shows a much lower ADP/ATP ratio in comparison to control cells (araC-pBAD and PR in dark condition). In the light the ADP/ATP ratio of <a class="i_linker registry" href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K1604010" class="i_linker" target="_blank">BBa_K1604010</a> is 3 fold lower than <a class="i_linker registry" href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K731201" class="i_linker" target="_blank">BBa_K731201</a> levels, indicating that <strong>proteorhodopsin does make more ATP</strong> in the lack of oxygen. A basal functionality of the pump is observed also in the dark. </p> |
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− | <h4 class="header4 lateral-icon wow animated fadeInDown delay05"> <span>More H<sup>+</sup> pumping outside!</span> <i class="faabig flaticon-lightbulb58"></i></h4> | + | <h4 class="header4 lateral-icon wow animated fadeInDown delay05"> <span>More H<sup>+</sup> pumping outside!</span> <i class="faabig flaticon-science49"></i></h4> |
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− | <p>Since we observed that there was a possible activation of the proton pump without light, we decided that our next test would be a proton pumping experiment as described in the literature [2][5].</p> | + | <p>Since we observed that there was a possible activation of the proton pump without light, we decided that our next test would be a <strong>proton pumping experiment</strong> as described in the literature <sup><a class="sourced" onclick="javascript:scrollAndHighlight('refs_2')" href="#refs_2">[2]</a> <a class="sourced" onclick="javascript:scrollAndHighlight('refs_5')" href="#refs_5">[5]</a></sup>.</p> |
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− | <p>To perform this test we built a solar mimicking apparatus, that would allow us to directly illuminate the samples, while growing multiple samples simultaneously and easily measure the pH.</p> | + | <p>To perform this test we built a solar mimicking apparatus, that would allow us to <strong>directly illuminate</strong> the samples, while growing multiple samples simultaneously and easily measure the pH.</p> |
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− | <p>The ΔpH between the light exposed proteorhodopsin and the two negative controls (proteorhodopsin in the dark and araC-pBAD in the light is 0.22. This result evidenced that although there is a basal acidification of the medium due to the bacteria metabolism, our device acidifies more the medium thank to the activation of the proton pump when the bacteria are light exposed.</p> | + | <p>The ΔpH between the light exposed proteorhodopsin and the two negative controls (proteorhodopsin in the dark and araC-pBAD in the light) is 0.22. This result evidenced that although there is a basal acidification of the medium due to the bacteria metabolism, our device acidifies more the medium thank to the activation of the proton pump when the bacteria are light exposed.</p> |
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− | <div style="text-align:center; margin:0;"><a class="fancybox" rel="group" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/0/0b/Unitn_pics_results_pr10.png" title=""><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/1/13/Unitn_pics_results_pr10_thumb.jpg" alt="" style="width:100%; max-width:900px;"/></a> | + | <div style="text-align:center; margin:0;"><a class="fancybox" rel="group" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/0/0b/Unitn_pics_results_pr10.png" title="Acidification of culture medium by BBa_K1604010"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/1/13/Unitn_pics_results_pr10_thumb.jpg" alt="" style="width:100%; max-width:1000px;"/></a> |
− | <p class="image_caption"><span>Acidification of culture medium by BBa_K1604010</span> <i> E. coli </i> NEB10β cells transformed with BBa_K1604010 were grown until an OD600 of 0.7 was reached and induced in M9 Minimal Media with 5 mM of arabinose and supplemented with 10 uM of all-trans retinal. The induction was done in the dark. The samples were then placed in the “Solar” apparatus with or without light. pH was measured every 6 h, in a 24 h range.</p> | + | <p class="image_caption"><span>Acidification of culture medium by BBa_K1604010</span> <i> E. coli </i> NEB10β cells transformed with <a class="i_linker registry" href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K1604010" class="i_linker" target="_blank">BBa_K1604010</a> were grown until an OD600 of 0.7 was reached and induced in M9 Minimal Media with 5 mM of arabinose and supplemented with 10 uM of all-trans retinal. The induction was done in the dark. The samples were then placed in the “Solar” apparatus with or without light. pH was measured every 6 h, in a 24 h range.</p> |
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| + | <h4 class="header4 lateral-icon wow animated fadeInDown delay03 "> <span>Proteorhodopsin is not genotoxic to cells!</span> <i class="faabig flaticon-shield114"></i></h4> |
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| + | <p> We wanted to test if the protein had a <strong>genotoxic effect</strong> on cells in order to confirm the enhanced viability of Proteorhodopsin-expressing bacteria. We performed a Toxicity test by serial dilution as described in Protocols. <span class="bacterium">E. coli</span> NEB10β transformed with <a class="i_linker registry" href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K1604010" class="i_linker" target="_blank">BBa_K1604010</a> were grown and induced with arabinose and retinal for 24 hours. The test showed no significant difference between proteorhodopsin expressing bacteria induced and not induced.</p> |
| + | |
| + | <div class="captionbox" style="max-width:800px; width:80%; margin:auto;"> |
| + | <a class="fancybox" rel="group" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/6/6d/Unitn_pics_project_pr_toxicitytest.png" title="Proteorhodopsin Toxicity test at 24 h of induction"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/6/6d/Unitn_pics_project_pr_toxicitytest.png" alt="" style="width:100%;"/></a> |
| + | <p class="image_caption"><span>Toxicity test at 24 h of induction.</span> <i>E. coli</i> NEB10β transformed with <a class="i_linker registry" href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K1604010" class="i_linker" target="_blank">BBa_K1604010</a> were grown up to an OD600 of 0,6. The culture was split in induced and not induced samples. Cell pellet of the positive sample was resuspended in M9 Minimal Media and supplemented with 5 mM arabinose and 10 μM all-trans retinal. Both samples were exposed to light provided by a 160 W halogen lamp. Green: proteorhodopsin (PR) induced with 5 mM arabinose and supplemented with 10 μM of all-trans retinal exposed to light. Orange: proteorhodopsin (PR) not induced exposed to light. The average and the standard deviation were calculated between the CFU/ml counted for the four dilution factors. The test confirmed that following induction <strong>our proton pump does not have any genotoxic effects</strong> on cells!</p> |
| + | </div> |
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| + | </div> |
| + | </div> |
| </div> | | </div> |
| </section> | | </section> |
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− | <p>We <strong>improved the proteorhodopsin</strong> part that we extracted from the registry, placed under an inducible promoter and we fully characterized it to demonstrate that the proton pump does work when the bacteria are light exposed. This membrane protein does require retinal to properly fold and increases the lifespan and the vitality of the engineered bacteria in anaerobic conditions. We did experience some difficulties in finding the right conditions of growth, light exposure and to reach anareobiosis. Also from our experience, this is a delicate system that showed sometime variability in the measurements between different biological samples. However we optimized the system and we now have a functioning device that can be used in our MFC.</p> | + | <p>We <strong>improved the proteorhodopsin</strong> part that we extracted from the registry, placed under an inducible promoter and we fully characterized it to demonstrate that the proton pump does work when the bacteria are light exposed. This membrane protein does require retinal to properly fold and <strong>increases the lifespan and the vitality</strong> of the engineered bacteria in anaerobic conditions. We did experience some difficulties in finding the right conditions of growth, light exposure and to reach anareobiosis. Also from our experience, this is a delicate system that showed sometime variability in the measurements between different biological samples. However <strong>we optimized the system</strong> and we now have a <strong>functioning device</strong> that can be used in our MFC.</p> |
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| </div><br />Part Improvement</h4> | | </div><br />Part Improvement</h4> |
| <p> | | <p> |
− | We successfully improved <a href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K773002" target="_blank" class="i_linker registry">BBa_K773002</a> and now <strong>it works</strong>! Our PR was expressed in <span class="bacterium">E. coli</span> NEB10β cells and functionally characterized. | + | We successfully improved <a href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K773002" target="_blank" class="i_linker registry">BBa_K773002</a> and now <strong>it works</strong>! Our Proteorhodopsin was expressed in <span class="bacterium">E. coli</span> NEB10β cells and functionally characterized. |
| </p> | | </p> |
| </div> | | </div> |
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| </section> | | </section> |
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| + | <header> |
| + | <h3 class="wow fadeInDown">References</h3> |
| + | </header> |
| + | |
| + | <ol type="1" class="sourcebox"> |
| + | <a class="anchor-off" name="refs_1" id="refs_1"></a> |
| + | <li>Walter, Jessica M., Derek Greenfield, Carlos Bustamante, and Jan Liphardt.<br/> |
| + | <a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/104/7/2408.abstract" target="_blank" class="sourcebox-link">"Light-powering Escherichia Coli with Proteorhodopsin."</a><br/> |
| + | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104 (2007): 2408-2412.</li> |
| + | |
| + | <a class="anchor-off" name="refs_2" id="refs_2"></a> |
| + | <li>Martinez, A., A. S. Bradley, J. R. Waldbauer, R. E. Summons, and E. F. Delong.<br/> |
| + | <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17372221" target="_blank" class="sourcebox-link">"Proteorhodopsin Photosystem Gene Expression Enables Photophosphorylation in a Heterologous Host"</a><br/> |
| + | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104.13 (2007): 5590-595.</li> |
| + | |
| + | |
| + | <a class="anchor-off" name="refs_3" id="refs_3"></a> |
| + | <li>Kim, So Young, Stephen A. Waschuk, Leonid S. Brown, and Kwang-Hwan Jung. <br/> |
| + | <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18433714" target="_blank" class="sourcebox-link">"Screening and Characterization of Proteorhodopsin Color-tuning Mutations in Escherichia Coli with Endogenous Retinal Synthesis."</a><br/> |
| + | <i>Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics</i> 1777.6 (2008): 504-13</li> |
| + | |
| + | <a class="anchor-off" name="refs_4" id="refs_4"></a> |
| + | <li>Richard A. Krebs, Ulrike Alexiev, Ranga Partha, Anne Marie DeVita, Mark S.Braiman.<br/> |
| + | <a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6793/2/5" target="_blank" class="sourcebox-link">Detection of fast light-activated H+ release and M intermediate formation from proteorhodopsin</a><br/> |
| + | BMC Physiology (2002), 1472-6793/2/5 |
| + | </li> |
| + | |
| + | <a class="anchor-off" name="refs_5" id="refs_5"></a> |
| + | <li>Ying Wang, Yan Li, Tuan Xu, Zhenyu Shi, Qiong Wu.<br/> |
| + | <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25421845" target="_blank" class="sourcebox-link">Experimental Evidence for Growth Advantage and Metabolic Shift Stimulated by Photophosphorylation of Proteorhodopsin Expressed in Escherichia Coli at Anaerobic Condition</a><br/> |
| + | Biotechnology and Bioengineering (2015), 112, 947-956 |
| + | </li> |
| + | </ol> |
| + | </section> |
| + | |
| + | |
| </article> | | </article> |
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