Purpose

Separation and identification of our non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) products, was determined by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-DAD-QTOFMS). NRPS variants were identified by changes in mass/z and column retention time. 
Development of a matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spec (MALDI-TOF-MS) method, will allow for a more rapid future analysis of oligo-recombineered strains, producing a library of NRPS antibiotic products. DTU’s 2015 iGEM team was able to, with the assistance of the DTU Metabolomics Platform group, which specializes in analytical chromatography (and is recognized in our attributions page), and with the assistance from our advisor, to produce a protocol for lysing of the cells, and extraction of the tyrocidine and surfactin molecules, before they were run on the liquid chromatography mass spec (LCMS) for analysis.

Achievements

• Extraction protocol developed for Tyrocidine A-E
• Extraction protocol developed for Surfactin
• HPLC detection of Tyrocidine A-E in Brevibacillus parabrevis compared to analytical standard (Tyrothricin)
• HPLC detection of Surfactin in Bacillus subtilis
• Detection of Tyrocidine A and Surfactin in MALDI-TOF
• Detection of MAGE modified Surfactin variant

Background

Tyrocidine and surfactin can both be separated by liquid chromatography, which separates molecules in a liquid mobile phase, as they pass over a solid stationary media in a column. Molecules bind to or elute off the column based on their differing physical properties; including electronegativity, polarity, hydrophobicity, or size. Different detection methods (eg. mass spectroscopy, fluorescence detection, UV/Visible light spectroscopy) can then be coupled to the HPLC, to analyze the compounds that were separated from the original solution. The reversed phase liquid chromatography column, used in our method has a non-polar stationary phase, and polar mobile phase, which causes polar molecules to elute before non-polar compounds. Initial preparative steps removed large contaminants from the sample, such as the cell membranes or organelles, which can clog and damage the columns.

As there are many different metabolites produced by prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, it is important to have an idea of the chemical properties and mass of the target compound. Tyrocidine is an amphiphilic, cyclic peptide naturally produced by a non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) in Bacillus brevis, with antimicrobial properties against gram-positive bacteria [1]. It functions by disrupting cell membranes, which explains its broad efficacy, but it has been shown to have hemolytic activity [2], making it unsuitable for intravenous use. Tyrocidine has been reported in the literature to have 5 main forms with the general peptide sequence of …D-Phe₁/Tyr₁ – Pro₂ – Phe₃/Trp₃/Tyr₃ – D-Phe₄/D-Trp₄/D-Tyr_4­ – Asn₅ – Gln₆/Asp₆ – Val₈ – Orn₉ – Leu₁₀… [3]

Surfactin has the formula C₅₃H₉₃N₇O₁₃ and is composed of a 7 amino acid cylic peptide with a hydrophobic fatty acid chain (Glu₁ – Leu₂ – D-Leu_3­­ – Val₄ – Asp₅ – D-Leu₆ – Leu₇ – β-OH-C_13-15) [4]. It is natively produced by Bacillus subtilis NRPS and in addition to functioning as an antibiotic it has detergent –like surfactant properties, antiviral and antifungal activities, and the capability to lyse red blood cells [5] making it another interesting candidate for a oligo-recombineering library creation.

Figure 1: cyclic peptide, Tyrocidine A 

Figure 2: Surfactin, highlighted with the blue circle at the location of the mutation from an aspartic acid residue to asparagine

Experimental Work

Tyrocidine was first detected in our native DMZ362 Brevibacillus parabrevis strain using high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). Initial experiments were done to develop an extraction method for the compound of interest using the DMZ362 Brevibacillus parabrevis as a positive control, Bacillus subtilis as a negative control, and an analytical standard, Tyrothricin, which contains tyrocidine A-E purified from Bacillus brevis. After testing for the compound in both the agar media and biomass, an extraction protocol was developed for use with future tyrocidine antibiotic libraries.

Results

Tyrocidine HPLC-MS:

Looking at the extrapolated ion chromatogram for a mass range between 950 - 1300 Tyrocidine is clearly visible in the UHPLC-DAD-QTOFMS running under the described parameters.

Surfactin MALDI-TOF:

Surfactin HPLC-MS:

Discussion

Surfactin and Tyrosidine were detectable with MALDI-TOF after optimizing their extraction methods. Tyrocidine is not shown here, but was detectable using the positive scan mode with the reflectron. See below for detection of the exact mass/z peaks of surfactin spotted on the MALDI plates. Surfactin was detectable using the negative scan mode making for easier identification due to the lack of other compounds ionizing with that detection method.

Freshly prepared colonies that were recombineered with the previously described MAGE method to create an NRPS that could switch out the aspartic acid for asparagine, were extracted after only 12 hours of growth, and analyzed on the UHPLC-DAD-QTOFMS, showed very small amounts of detectable surfactin. This result is expected as surfactin is produced during sporulation and this occurs with older bacterial samples. In addition only about 4% of the transformants were expected to have the mutation. One sample was run that showed a mass spec correlating to the expected mass of the mutant. This result indicates that the MAGE method was successful! More samples will be submitted for verification of this result with older streaked B. subtilis mutants biomass.

References

1. Kohli, R. M., Walsh, C. T., & Burkart, M. D. (2002). Biomimetic synthesis and optimization of cyclic peptide antibiotics. Nature, 418(6898), 658–661. doi:10.1038/nature00907
2. Qin, C., Bu, X., Wu, X., & Guo, Z. (2003). A Chemical Approach to Generate Molecular Diversity Based on the Scaffold of Cyclic Decapeptide Antibiotic Tyrocidine A. Journal of Combinatorial Chemistry, 5(4), 353–355. doi:10.1021/cc0300255
3. Hitzeroth, G., Vater, J., Franke, P., Gebhardt, K., & Fiedler, H.-P. (2005). Whole cell matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry andin situ structure analysis of streptocidins, a family of tyrocidine-like cyclic peptides. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 19(20), 2935–2942. doi:10.1002/rcm.2155
4. Baumgart, F., Kluge, B., Ullrich, C., Vater, J., & Ziessow, D. (1991). Identification of amino acid substitutions in the lipopeptide surfactin using 2D NMR spectroscopy. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 177(3), 998–1005. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-291x(91)90637-m" target="_blank">doi:10.1016/0006-291x(91)90637-m</a>
5. Singh, P., & Cameotra, S. S. (2004). Potential applications of microbial surfactants in biomedical sciences. Trends in Biotechnology, 22(3), 142–146. doi:10.1016/j.tibtech.2004.01.010