Difference between revisions of "Team:HZAU-China/Project"

 
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     <div class="middle_topbox"><h1>Mixed-Reality Cell<span>Bidirectinal coupling between real and virtual bio-oscillators</span></h1></div>
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     <div class="middle_topbox"><h1>Mixed-Reality Cell<span>Bidirectional coupling between real and virtual bio-oscillators</span></h1></div>
 
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       <h1></br></br>Overview</h1></br>
 
       <h1></br></br>Overview</h1></br>
       <p>Since the rising up of Computer Science, the life style and society conditions of human have a huge leap. Till now, the computer has gradually been in plenty of fields of life. At the same time, the development of Biology Science turns to be amazing as well. Biology is believed to bring another marvel of the world. And with the rapid development of the computer as well as biology, the connection between them is more and more close, like the processing of biological data through computer, the simulation of life in computer and even the man-machine interface. It seems that there is inclined to make them be one. Thus, we wonder what would happen if we combine the life in the real world with the computer-simulated life in the virtual world. Could it be regarded as a new life form which is half-real and half-virtual?</p>
+
       <p>Since the emergence of Computer Science, the life styles and society conditions of human beings have experienced a huge leap. Till now, computers have been widely used in many fields of human life. At the same time, there has been great development in Biological Science as well. Biology is believed to bring another marvel for the world. With the rapid developments of computer science and biology, the connections between them are getting more and more close, manifested as the emergence of the following events: the processing of biological data through computers, the computational simulation of life activities, and even the researches on man-machine interface. There seems a trend that computer science and biology being combined into one. Thus, we wonder what would happen if we combine the life in the real world with the computer-simulated life in the virtual world. Could it be regarded as a new life form that is half-real and half-virtual?</p>
 
</br>
 
</br>
<p>Meanwhile, Virtual-reality is known as a way to be in the virtual world, like GoogleGlass, HoloLens and xbox. However, no matter how cool they may look like, the core is just the sense like your sight that would communicate with the virtual world. The degree that you feel being involved in the virtual is too shallow with only part of the reality. Therefore, we intend to create a new method that a whole real life system would connect with a whole virtual life system. That's Mixed-reality cells. And then we put forward a whole design to make it come true.</p>
+
<p>Meanwhile, virtual-reality devices are the major ways to experience the virtual world, like Google-Glass, Holo-Lens and Xbox. However, no matter how cool they may look like, the core of their working mechanisms is just the sense, like your eye-sight that could communicate with the world. The degree that you feel being involved in the virtual world is too shallow to make you believe that you are experiencing a reality. Therefore, we intend to create a new method that a whole real life system would fuse with a whole virtual life system. That's the concept of Mixed-Reality Cell (MR. Cell). We put forward a whole design to make it come true.</p>
 
</br>
 
</br>
<p>Based on above targets, we chose oscillator, a typical biological process, to present life form. And then a genetic oscillator was built in E. coli as the real part and an e-oscillator was simulated in a computer as the virtual part. The two parts could interact with each other through an interface device composed of microfluidic chip and chemical/optical modulator. At the beginning, the two oscillators work independently in a dual-reality state. With their interaction, they would gradually adjust to each other without human interference to a strongly coupled and synchronized mixed-reality state.</p>
+
<p>To achieve our goal, we chose oscillation, a typical biological process, to represent life activity. A genetic oscillator was built in E. coli as the real part and an e-oscillator was simulated in a computer as the virtual part. The two parts could interact with each other through an interface device composed of microfluidic chip and chemical/optical modulator. At the beginning, the two oscillators work independently in a dual-reality state. With their interaction, they would gradually adjust to each other without human interference to a strongly coupled and synchronized mixed-reality state.</p>
 
</br>
 
</br>
<p>To reach our goals step by step, our project is divided into three phases, virtual-virtual coupling, Mixed-reality in physics and Mixed-reality. Till now, phase 1 that two e-oscillators gradually coupled with each other and phase 2 that e-oscillator coupled with a physical oscillator presented by the light intensity changes of LED have all been achieved. What's more, we designed several experiments to test the parts we used, including a hybrid promoter and our Light Controlling system, which have revealed that these parts can work well. And also, the prototype of MR. Cell was demonstrated in this project which has great potential in a wide range of the future biological research.</p>
+
<p>To reach our goal step by step, our project is divided into three phases, virtual-virtual coupling, mixed-reality in physics and mixed-reality of bio-oscillators. Till now, phase 1 that two e-oscillators coupled with each other and phase 2 that an e-oscillator coupled with a physical oscillator represented by the light intensity change of an LED have all been achieved. What's more, we designed several experiments to test the parts we used, including a hybrid promoter and the Light Controlling system; the results showed that these parts can work well. Also, a prototype of MR. Cell was demonstrated in this project which has great potential in a wide range of the future biological research.</p>
 
       </br></br>
 
       </br></br>
 
<h1></br></br>Background</h1></br>
 
<h1></br></br>Background</h1></br>
       <p>As we know, computer technology have created great revolution in humans’ lives from 20th century. And now, we enter into 21th century, a century of life science. The developments of computer science and life science both impact profoundly our world and society. And they also develop production of society. We can’t help imagining what will happen if these two combine. We can’t predict what will happen. However, we believe that the combination has great potential, even creates the next revolution.  
+
       <p>As we know, computer technology has brought about great revolution in human life from 20th century. Now, we entered into 21th century, a century of life science. The developments of computer science and life science both impact profoundly on our world and society. They also promote the productivity of our society. We can’t help imagining what will happen if these two subjects combine. We can’t predict what will happen. However, we believe that the combination has great potential, and even trigger the next revolution.  
 
</p>
 
</p>
 
</br>
 
</br>
<p>Review the development history of computer science and life science development, we can find that these two begin combining gradually. Especially in recent years, with the increasing ability of computer simulation, many scientific research can be carried out by means of computer simulation in the virtual world. And this technology has a lot of applications in life science research. For example, man-machine interaction, artificial intelligence and visual simulation environment of medicine research. It is not exaggerated to claim that we have entered into a mix-reality era [1]. So we are thinking why not create a life form half in the reality, half in the virtual world. The real part and virtual part regulate each other constantly eventually mix a mix-reality system.
+
<p>Reviewing the development history of computer science and life science, we can find that these two subjects begin to combine gradually. Especially in recent years, with the elevation of computer simulation ability, many scientific researches can be carried out by means of computer simulation in the virtual world. Computer simulation technology has wide applications in life science researches. For example, man-machine interaction, artificial intelligence and visual simulation environment of medicine research all involve computer simulation that creates a virtual reality. It is not exaggerated to claim that we have entered into a mix-reality era [1]. So we are thinking: why not to create a mix-reality system as a new life form that is half in the real world and half in the virtual world?
 
</p>
 
</p>
 
</br>
 
</br>
<p>A researcher ever explored the concept of mix-reality state [2,3]. He set a simple pendulum in the reality, and designed a simulative programs in the computer. These two simple pendulums coupled in the same conditions limited in a numerical range. On the other hand, in the realm of biology, researchers constructed two genetic oscillator circuits in     bacterium. These two genetic oscillator circuits coupled based on queuing theory [4]. We were sparked inspiration by these research achievements. We want to achieve the couple between organisms and computers to create a new united life form. We believe such a life form possesses logic of computers and adaption of organisms will make a difference in the future.  
+
<p>Researchers have explored the mix-reality states in physical systems [2, 3]. By setting a simple pendulum in reality and designing a simulation program in computer, mixed-reality states were obtained by bidirectional coupling between the real and virtual pendulums. On the other hand, in the realm of biology, researchers have constructed two genetic oscillation circuits in bacteria and coupled them based on queuing theory [4]. Inspired by these researches, we want to achieve a bidirectional coupling between organisms and computers to create a new united life form. We believe that such a life form possessing the designability of computers and the evolvability of organisms will make a big difference in the future.  
 
</p>
 
</p>
 
</br></br>
 
</br></br>
<p><strong>Reference</strong></p>
 
<p>1. Bin-Guang Ma, About Mechanics of Virtual Reality, written in 2005, published in: The General Science Journal, (August 25, 2006).</p>
 
<p>2. V Gintautas and A Hubler, Mixed Reality States in a Bidirectionally Coupled Interreality System.[J]. Phys. Rev. E 75, 057201 (2007)</p>
 
<p>3. A Hubler and V Gintautas. Experimental evidence for mixed reality states [J]. Complexity, 2011, 13(6):7–10.</p>
 
<p>4. A Prindle, et al., Rapid and tunable post-translational coupling of genetic circuits. [J]. Nature, 2014, 508(7496):387-391.</p>
 
<p></p>
 
 
       </br></br>
 
       </br></br>
 
<h1></br></br>MR. Cell</h1></br>
 
<h1></br></br>MR. Cell</h1></br>
       <p>MR. Cell, a half-real and half-virtual life form, is composed of two parts, the real part in E.coli and the virtual part in computer. These two parts interact with each other through our interface hardware and will be coupled to a unified whole, mixed-reality state.</p>
+
       <p>MR. Cell, a half-real and half-virtual life form, is composed of two parts, the real part in E. coli and the virtual part in computer. These two parts interact with each other through the interface hardware and will become coupled into a unified whole, a mixed-reality state.</p>
 
</br>
 
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         <strong>Real part</strong></br>
 
         <strong>Real part</strong></br>
         A genetic oscillator, as a representative life activity form, was constructed in E.coli as the real part. Besides a light control system associated with the oscillator is adopted to connect the real part in computer, and we can regulate the oscillator by light through computer.
+
         A genetic oscillator, representing the life activity, was constructed in E.coli as the real part. Besides, a light control system associated with the oscillator was adopted to connect the real part to computer. We can regulate the oscillator by using the light intensity controlled by computer.
 
         <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/3/34/HZAU_p14.png" width="230px" height="160px">
 
         <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/3/34/HZAU_p14.png" width="230px" height="160px">
 
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         <div class="topright">
 
         <strong>Virtual part</strong></br>
 
         <strong>Virtual part</strong></br>
         Mixed reality states occur only when a virtual and a real system are sufficiently similar. Therefore, based on the mechanism of the genetic oscillator, we simulate an e-oscillator in a computer as the virtual counterpart. In addition, the state of e-oscillator could be modulated through the parameter adjustment.
+
         Mixed-reality states occur only when a virtual and a real system are sufficiently similar. Therefore, according to the mechanism of the genetic oscillator, we simulated an e-oscillator in a computer as the virtual counterpart. In addition, the state of e-oscillator could be modulated through the parameter adjustment.
 
         <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/2/2a/HZAU_p12.png" width="230px" height="160px">
 
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       </br>
 
       </br>
 
       <strong>Interface device</strong></br>
 
       <strong>Interface device</strong></br>
       The two-way interface device is composed of Light Receiving part and Light Controlling part. For the former one, cells were cultivated on a microfluidic chip and observed by fluorescence microscope. And for the last one, light (LED beads) can be controlled by a computer through a Single Chip Micyoco.
+
       The two-way interface device is composed of Light Receiving part and Light Controlling part. For the former part, cells were cultivated on a microfluidic chip and observed by fluorescence microscope; for the latter part, light (LED beads) can be controlled by a computer through a Single-Chip Microcomputer.
 
       </div>
 
       </div>
 
</br></br>
 
</br></br>
<p><strong>The synchronous interreality system—MR.Cell</strong></p>
+
<p><strong>The synchronous interreality system — MR. Cell</strong></p>
<p>At the beginning, the two oscillators, bio-oscillator and e-oscillator, work independently in a dual-reality state. When connected by the interface devices, the two parts begin to interact with each other. The state of bio-oscillator in E.coli cultured in a microfluidic chip would be observed through a fluorescence microscope and transmitted to the computer. The computer would analyze and process the received fluorescent data and adjust the state of e-oscillator through parameter modifications. In the meanwhile, based on its own state, the e-oscillator in computer also could regulate the state of bio-oscillator through LED intensity. The LED is controlled by a single-chip, which is linked to the computer. Following the processing cycle, the two parts interact with each other and couple eventually.</p>
+
<p>At the beginning, the two bio-oscillators, genetic oscillator and e-oscillator, work independently in a dual-reality state. When connected by the interface devices, the two parts begin to interact with each other. The state of the genetic oscillator in E. coli cultured on a microfluidic chip would be observed through a fluorescence microscope and transmitted into the computer. The computer would analyze and process the received fluorescent data and adjust the state of the e-oscillator through parameter modifications. In the meanwhile, based on its own state, the e-oscillator in the computer could also regulate the state of the genetic oscillator through LED light intensity. The LED is controlled by a single-chip microcomputer that is linked to the simulating computer. Following the information processing cycle, the real and virtual parts interact with each other and become coupled eventually.</p>
 
</br>
 
</br>
 
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/8/8c/Hzaupall.png" width="720px" height="430px">
 
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/8/8c/Hzaupall.png" width="720px" height="430px">
 
</br>
 
</br>
<p>Besides, in consideration of the complexity and difficulty of the system, we take three stages to achieve our final goal, MR.Cell. At the first stage, we simulate two e-oscillators, which are of similar characters but have different initial states. And they couple gradually. Next stage, LED lamp replaces the genetic oscillator in E.coli to interact and couple with the e-oscillator. The last stage, our ultimate ambition, is to complete the MR. Cell, the two part of which synchronize and couple strongly.</p>
+
<p>Besides, considering the complexity and difficulty of the system, we took three stages to achieve our final goal, MR. Cell. At the first stage, we simulated two e-oscillators, which are of similar characteristics but have different initial states. They were successfully coupled. Next stage, an LED lamp was used to replace the genetic oscillator in E. coli to interact and couple with the e-oscillator in the computer simulation. They were successfully coupled. The final stage, our ultimate goal, is to complete the MR. Cell, the two parts of which could synchronize and couple strongly.</p>
 
       </br></br>
 
       </br></br>
 
<h1></br></br>Future work</h1></br>
 
<h1></br></br>Future work</h1></br>
       <p>Next step, we won't be satisfied with achieving coupling between bacterium's oscillators and computers. We will focus on the coupling between a metabolic system such as Krebs Cycle (Fig.1) and computer. We are interested in cell differentiation (Fig.2). If we could achieve the coupling between cell differentiation and computer, organisms will have more diversities. And the cell differentiation will get more amazing</p>
+
       <p>We won't be satisfied with only achieving the coupling between a bacterium oscillator with a computer simulation. Next step, we will focus on the coupling between a metabolic system such as Krebs Cycle (Fig.1, from the Internet) and its computer simulation (Fig.2, from the Internet). We are interested in cell differentiation (Fig.3, from the Internet). If we could achieve the coupling between cell differentiation and computer simulation, we will get a new organism that is half-real and half virtual, leading to larger diversities of life forms.</p>
 
</br>
 
</br>
 
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/a/a4/Team_HZAU_China_futurework.png">
 
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/a/a4/Team_HZAU_China_futurework.png">
 
</br>
 
</br>
<p>We chose to couple oscillators because the synchronization is easy to observe. Not only oscillators but also many states can be coupled. In fact, there is the real-time communication and codetermining next behavior in the couple state. Life complexly couple with itself and the environment, that’s why we need to decouple parts in synthetic biology. In our project, we not only plan to achieve to couple between the E.coli and one computer but also dream to achieve couple with everything. We will try to couple different kinds of organisms with different kinds of computers. And we also plan to test the cascade of couples. At last, it may combine the organisms, inorganic environment and virtual world then achieves all in one.</p>
+
<p>We chose to couple oscillators because the synchronization is easy to observe. Not only oscillations but also many other biological processes could be coupled. In fact, the core are the real-time communication (between the real and virtual parts) and co-determination of the system behavior in the coupled state of the mixed-reality system. Life has strong coupling within itself and with the environment; that’s why we need to decouple parts in synthetic biology. In our project, we not only plan to achieve coupling between a bacterium and a computer but also dream to achieve coupling between a bio-system with everything. We will try to couple different kinds of organisms with different kinds of computers. We also plan to test the cascades of the couples. Finally, it may fuse the organisms, inorganic environments and their virtual counterparts into one system, boosting the biological research into a new stage: synergetic biology, where bidirectional synchronization and coupling between the real biological processes and the virtual simulation processes (implemented as the computing processes in the real world) are fundamental.</p>
 +
</br></br>
 +
<p><strong>Reference</strong></p>
 +
<p>1. Bin-Guang Ma, About Mechanics of Virtual Reality, written in 2005, published in: The General Science Journal, (August 25, 2006).</p>
 +
<p>2. V Gintautas and A Hubler, Mixed Reality States in a Bidirectionally Coupled Interreality System. Phys. Rev. E,v2007, 75: 057201.</p>
 +
<p>3. A Hubler and V Gintautas. Experimental evidence for mixed reality states. Complexity, 2011, 13(6): 7–10.</p>
 +
<p>4. A Prindle, et al., Rapid and tunable post-translational coupling of genetic circuits. Nature, 2014, 508(7496): 387-391.</p>
 +
<p></p>
 
       </br></br>
 
       </br></br>
 
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                   <ul>
 
                   <ul>
 
                       <li class="address_inf">
 
                       <li class="address_inf">
                       No.1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District
+
                       No.1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District,
 
                       </br>
 
                       </br>
 
                       Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, P. R. China
 
                       Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, P. R. China

Latest revision as of 18:24, 15 November 2015

Mixed-Reality CellBidirectional coupling between real and virtual bio-oscillators



Overview


Since the emergence of Computer Science, the life styles and society conditions of human beings have experienced a huge leap. Till now, computers have been widely used in many fields of human life. At the same time, there has been great development in Biological Science as well. Biology is believed to bring another marvel for the world. With the rapid developments of computer science and biology, the connections between them are getting more and more close, manifested as the emergence of the following events: the processing of biological data through computers, the computational simulation of life activities, and even the researches on man-machine interface. There seems a trend that computer science and biology being combined into one. Thus, we wonder what would happen if we combine the life in the real world with the computer-simulated life in the virtual world. Could it be regarded as a new life form that is half-real and half-virtual?


Meanwhile, virtual-reality devices are the major ways to experience the virtual world, like Google-Glass, Holo-Lens and Xbox. However, no matter how cool they may look like, the core of their working mechanisms is just the sense, like your eye-sight that could communicate with the world. The degree that you feel being involved in the virtual world is too shallow to make you believe that you are experiencing a reality. Therefore, we intend to create a new method that a whole real life system would fuse with a whole virtual life system. That's the concept of Mixed-Reality Cell (MR. Cell). We put forward a whole design to make it come true.


To achieve our goal, we chose oscillation, a typical biological process, to represent life activity. A genetic oscillator was built in E. coli as the real part and an e-oscillator was simulated in a computer as the virtual part. The two parts could interact with each other through an interface device composed of microfluidic chip and chemical/optical modulator. At the beginning, the two oscillators work independently in a dual-reality state. With their interaction, they would gradually adjust to each other without human interference to a strongly coupled and synchronized mixed-reality state.


To reach our goal step by step, our project is divided into three phases, virtual-virtual coupling, mixed-reality in physics and mixed-reality of bio-oscillators. Till now, phase 1 that two e-oscillators coupled with each other and phase 2 that an e-oscillator coupled with a physical oscillator represented by the light intensity change of an LED have all been achieved. What's more, we designed several experiments to test the parts we used, including a hybrid promoter and the Light Controlling system; the results showed that these parts can work well. Also, a prototype of MR. Cell was demonstrated in this project which has great potential in a wide range of the future biological research.





Background


As we know, computer technology has brought about great revolution in human life from 20th century. Now, we entered into 21th century, a century of life science. The developments of computer science and life science both impact profoundly on our world and society. They also promote the productivity of our society. We can’t help imagining what will happen if these two subjects combine. We can’t predict what will happen. However, we believe that the combination has great potential, and even trigger the next revolution.


Reviewing the development history of computer science and life science, we can find that these two subjects begin to combine gradually. Especially in recent years, with the elevation of computer simulation ability, many scientific researches can be carried out by means of computer simulation in the virtual world. Computer simulation technology has wide applications in life science researches. For example, man-machine interaction, artificial intelligence and visual simulation environment of medicine research all involve computer simulation that creates a virtual reality. It is not exaggerated to claim that we have entered into a mix-reality era [1]. So we are thinking: why not to create a mix-reality system as a new life form that is half in the real world and half in the virtual world?


Researchers have explored the mix-reality states in physical systems [2, 3]. By setting a simple pendulum in reality and designing a simulation program in computer, mixed-reality states were obtained by bidirectional coupling between the real and virtual pendulums. On the other hand, in the realm of biology, researchers have constructed two genetic oscillation circuits in bacteria and coupled them based on queuing theory [4]. Inspired by these researches, we want to achieve a bidirectional coupling between organisms and computers to create a new united life form. We believe that such a life form possessing the designability of computers and the evolvability of organisms will make a big difference in the future.







MR. Cell


MR. Cell, a half-real and half-virtual life form, is composed of two parts, the real part in E. coli and the virtual part in computer. These two parts interact with each other through the interface hardware and will become coupled into a unified whole, a mixed-reality state.


Real part
A genetic oscillator, representing the life activity, was constructed in E.coli as the real part. Besides, a light control system associated with the oscillator was adopted to connect the real part to computer. We can regulate the oscillator by using the light intensity controlled by computer.
Virtual part
Mixed-reality states occur only when a virtual and a real system are sufficiently similar. Therefore, according to the mechanism of the genetic oscillator, we simulated an e-oscillator in a computer as the virtual counterpart. In addition, the state of e-oscillator could be modulated through the parameter adjustment.

Interface device
The two-way interface device is composed of Light Receiving part and Light Controlling part. For the former part, cells were cultivated on a microfluidic chip and observed by fluorescence microscope; for the latter part, light (LED beads) can be controlled by a computer through a Single-Chip Microcomputer.


The synchronous interreality system — MR. Cell

At the beginning, the two bio-oscillators, genetic oscillator and e-oscillator, work independently in a dual-reality state. When connected by the interface devices, the two parts begin to interact with each other. The state of the genetic oscillator in E. coli cultured on a microfluidic chip would be observed through a fluorescence microscope and transmitted into the computer. The computer would analyze and process the received fluorescent data and adjust the state of the e-oscillator through parameter modifications. In the meanwhile, based on its own state, the e-oscillator in the computer could also regulate the state of the genetic oscillator through LED light intensity. The LED is controlled by a single-chip microcomputer that is linked to the simulating computer. Following the information processing cycle, the real and virtual parts interact with each other and become coupled eventually.



Besides, considering the complexity and difficulty of the system, we took three stages to achieve our final goal, MR. Cell. At the first stage, we simulated two e-oscillators, which are of similar characteristics but have different initial states. They were successfully coupled. Next stage, an LED lamp was used to replace the genetic oscillator in E. coli to interact and couple with the e-oscillator in the computer simulation. They were successfully coupled. The final stage, our ultimate goal, is to complete the MR. Cell, the two parts of which could synchronize and couple strongly.





Future work


We won't be satisfied with only achieving the coupling between a bacterium oscillator with a computer simulation. Next step, we will focus on the coupling between a metabolic system such as Krebs Cycle (Fig.1, from the Internet) and its computer simulation (Fig.2, from the Internet). We are interested in cell differentiation (Fig.3, from the Internet). If we could achieve the coupling between cell differentiation and computer simulation, we will get a new organism that is half-real and half virtual, leading to larger diversities of life forms.



We chose to couple oscillators because the synchronization is easy to observe. Not only oscillations but also many other biological processes could be coupled. In fact, the core are the real-time communication (between the real and virtual parts) and co-determination of the system behavior in the coupled state of the mixed-reality system. Life has strong coupling within itself and with the environment; that’s why we need to decouple parts in synthetic biology. In our project, we not only plan to achieve coupling between a bacterium and a computer but also dream to achieve coupling between a bio-system with everything. We will try to couple different kinds of organisms with different kinds of computers. We also plan to test the cascades of the couples. Finally, it may fuse the organisms, inorganic environments and their virtual counterparts into one system, boosting the biological research into a new stage: synergetic biology, where bidirectional synchronization and coupling between the real biological processes and the virtual simulation processes (implemented as the computing processes in the real world) are fundamental.



Reference

1. Bin-Guang Ma, About Mechanics of Virtual Reality, written in 2005, published in: The General Science Journal, (August 25, 2006).

2. V Gintautas and A Hubler, Mixed Reality States in a Bidirectionally Coupled Interreality System. Phys. Rev. E,v2007, 75: 057201.

3. A Hubler and V Gintautas. Experimental evidence for mixed reality states. Complexity, 2011, 13(6): 7–10.

4. A Prindle, et al., Rapid and tunable post-translational coupling of genetic circuits. Nature, 2014, 508(7496): 387-391.




   Contact Information

  • No.1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District,
    Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, P. R. China
  • Wechat : hzauigem
  • QQ Group : 313297095
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