Figure 2

From figure 2, we can see that when the molarity of antigen below that of GFP-nanobody (7.78 x10-7M), it becomes the limiting reagent, and the final molarity of the nanobody-antigen complex equals the initial molarity of antigen, vice versa.

Another observation is that, as the molarity of antigen increase, the reaction (i.e. the formation of nanobody-antigen complex) goes equilibrium quicker. This can be explained by the increased forward reaction rate, which depends on the molarity of GFP-nanobody and antigen as well.

2) Microbial Fuel cell

In a Microbial Fuel cell, the chemical enrgy is transformed into the electrical energy through a cascade of electrochemical reaction. The mutated nitrogenase in Azobacter will produce hydrogen gas by the side reaction and break down into hydrogen ion due to the existence of hydrogenase. Alternatively the electrons can be transferred transferred to the oxidized mediator molecules that transfer them to the electrode. By using magnetosome, the distance between the bacteria and electrode will be decreased and it reduce the diffusion distance of the oxidized mediator. This approach increase the current density and increase efficiency of of generating electricity in Mircrobial fuel cell.

In this model, current density distribution in hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell is studied. It includes the ful coupling between the mass balances at the anode and cathode, the momentum balances in the gas channel, the gas flow in the porous electrodes, the balance of the ionic current carried by the mediator and an electronic current balance.

Figure 3

The fuel cell in the cathode and anode is counterflow and it shows that the hydrogen-rich anode gas is entering from the left. The electrochemical reaction in the cell are give below:

Anode: H2+ 2e--> 2H+

Cathode: 1/2O2+ 2e- ->O2-

This model includes different process that shows below:

• Electronic charge balance (Ohm’s law)

• Ionic charge balance (Ohm’s law)

• Butler-Volmer charge transfer kinetics

• Flow distribution in gas channels (Navier-Stokes)

• Flow in the porous GDEs (Brinkman equations)

• Mass balances in gas phase in both gas channels and porous electrodes (Maxwell-Stefan Diffusion and Convection)

Assume the Butler-Volmer charge transfer kinetics describe the charge transfer current density and the first electron transfer is used to be rate determining step, at the anode, hydrogen is oxidized to form hydrogen ion.

i0,a =the anode exchange current density (A/m2)

ch2 is the molar concentration of hydrogen

ch+ is the molar concentration of water

ct the total concentration of species (mol/m3)

ch2,ref and ch2,ref is the reference concentrations (mol/m3)

F is Faraday’s constant (C/mol)

R the gas constant (J/ (mol•K))

T the temperature (K)

η the overvoltage (V)

For the cathode:

At the anode’s inlet boundary, the potential is fixed at a reference potential of zero. At the cathode’s inlet boundary, set the potential to the cell voltage, Vcell. The latter is given by

where Vpol is the polarization. In this model, φeq,a Δ = 0 V and φeq,c Δ = 1 V , and you simulate the fuel cell over the range 0,2 V Vcell ≤ ≤ 0,95 V by using Vpol in the range 0.05 V through 0.8 V as the parameter for the parametric solver.

Results: The following figure shows the hydrogen mole fraction in the anode at a cell polarization of 0.5.V

The following figure shows the oxygen mole fraction in the cathode:

For the following figure, it shows power output as a function of cell voltage. The maximum power-output for this unit cell is about 940 W/m2