Team:Amsterdam/Description

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Project Description

Introduction

Fossil fuels have powered the development of our society since the industrial revolution. As a consequence, two main issues have risen. Firstly, the atmospheric CO2 concentration has substantially increased due to the consumption of fossil fuels, leading to harmful changes in the planet ecosystem (Hughes, 2000). Secondly, non-renewable resources such as gas, coal and crude oil, will become depleted at some point in the coming future (Shafiee et. al, 2009). To face this global problem many engineers and scientists have focused on finding renewable energy sources. However, the production of green energy has faced considerable limitations and drawbacks over the past decades.

Over the past 30 years, the only two biofuels produced at industrial scales have been biodiesel and bioethanol (Antoni et al., 2007). Biodiesels are fatty acids derived from biological long chain oils (Knothe, 2006). The classic approach in the production of these biofuels has been the alkaline catalysis of plant-derived oils. New methods, such as production via fermentation (Steen et al., 2010), or enzymatic reactors (Poppe et al., 2014), have been developed. Bioethanol is mainly produced by microbial fermentation, either by yeast or prokaryotic organisms, using plant derived materials (starch or glucose syrups) as a substrate for fermentation.

Biofuels hold clear advantages over fossil fuels in terms of reduction of greenhouse gases emissions and fostering energetic independence. On the other hand, the use of food crops as a substrate in both processes, fosters the devotion of agricultural lands towards energy production - interfering with the food market and increasing prices of basic products (Pimentel et al., 2008). In addition, such processes do not exploit the whole plant thus efficiency of transforming sunlight and CO2 into biofuels is low.

To overcome these problems, systems and synthetic biology methods have been applied to incorporate non-native enzymatic activities into photosynthetic microorganisms to directly produce biofuels. Cyanobacteria has a fast cell growth and low nutrient requirements making it a very suitable target for industrial scale biofuel production. Although promising, cyanobacterial powered production of biofuel has some unsolved issues, such as the toxicity of the medium and the low yields (Jin et al., 2014).