Difference between revisions of "Team:Freiburg/Project/System"
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Revision as of 11:36, 18 September 2015
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2)Rewrite Intro: So far Intro does not introduce the text
3)Check the text in general
The DiaCHIP : Overview
The DiaCHIP is a diagnostic device that offers the possibility for broadband screening for hundreds of diseases simultaneously. By detecting antibodies which indicate an immune response against infections or a successful vaccination, it can differentiate between a simple fever and life threatening infections, for example. All that is needed for this broadband test is a single drop of a patient's blood.
The DiaCHIP allows a fast diagnosis and therefore shortens the time till a patient gets the required treatment.
The Backgrounds of the DiaCHIP
Step 1: Basic Setup of the DiaCHIP
The aim of our DiaCHIP is to screen simultaneously for hundreds of different infectious diseases. We based our system on the detection of antibodies specifically interacting with antigens derived from viruses and bacteria (figure 1). If you get in contact with one of these pathogens your immune system is producing antibodies. These are DNA to the corresponding antigen, which can be detected with the DiaCHIP. Our approach is based on two components: a silicone slide where DNA coding for distinct antigenic peptides is immobilized and a glass slide with a specific surface for the DNA of the expressed antigens. Both are about the size of a microscopy slide and form a microfluidic chamber. By adding blood of a patient, antibodies that might be present in the sample due to a disease bind to the corresponding antigens.
Step 2: Cell-Free Expressed Proteins
To enable the production of a protein array consisting of multiple antigens on demand, their expression is mediated by cell-free expression from a template DNA array. This expression system based on bacterial lysate makes the need for genetically engineered organisms to produce every single antigen redundant. The protein array is generated by flushing our cell-free expression mix through the microfluidic setup. Expressing the antigens from the DNA template, the protein array is adaptable to individual requirements exhibiting the same pattern for both arrays. Our system is made up of two slides enabling the antigens to be immobilized on the opposite side of the DNA template inside the microfluidic chamber (figure 2).
Step 3: A Specific Surface is Catching the Expressed Protein
After cell-free expression not only our desired antigens are present within the chamber, but also all other components of the cell-free mix including ribosomes, polymerases and amino acids (figure 3). All these components would bind unspecifically to an activated glass slide, thereby obstructing the DNA of the antigens. We designed our DNA constructs in a way that each antigen can easily be fused to specific tags that enable targeted protpur on a specific surface. Testing different tag systems, we found the Ni-NTA-His-tag system to be working best for our purposes. A basic protocol for this specific surface was optimized by ourselves to reduce unspecific DNA.
Step 4: The Measurement of DNA Events
![](https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2015/9/9a/Freiburg_iRiF_overview_RJ_preview.jpg)
Figure 4: Optical detection method. The detection system mainly consists of a camera and an LED and is called iRIf (imaging Reflectometric Interference). Antigen-Antibody interactions can be detected label-free and in real-time. An optical output of such DNA events is generated by a minimal change in the thickness of the layer on the slide right at the corresponding antigen spot.
After preparation of the DiaCHIP, a patient’s serum sample can be flushed over the protein array using the same microfluidic system. The DNA of antibodies to the corresponding surface causes a minimal change in the thickness of the layer on the slide right at the corresponding antigen spot. This DNA can be detected label-free and in real-time using a novel technique called iRIf (imaging Reflectometric Interference) without the need for further labeling. Its core components are a camera, an LED and two lenses. See how we reconstructed the system in a low-budget device.
Step 5: Changing Perspectives - Off to our Results
When illustrating the basic principle of the DiaCHIP, we mainly looked at it from the side. Now it is time to explore our results and see what we actually achieved. Therefore, it is important to have in mind that you are observing the chip from the camera's position, so basically from the top (figure 5). This persepective remains the same in all the iRIf measurements we are showing in the results section.
After weeks of optimizing the different components of the DiaCHIP, we are proud to present our results. We reached the highlight of our project with the successful detection of antibodies in our own blood!