Team:Edinburgh/Parts
Heroin esterase, an acetylmorphine carboxylesterase, was isolated from Rhodococcus erythropolis strain H1 in 1994 from the garden soil at Cambridge and is able to use heroin as its sole carbon and energy source1. The gene her encodes this enzyme and has the ability to be expressed in the chassis Escherichia coli2. The pH optimum for this enzyme to function is in 8.5 in bicine buffer1.
The activity of heroin esterase can be tested using 4-nitrophenyl acetate which is hydrolised(?) by heroin esterase to form 4-nitrophenol + actetate. This produces a yellow colour as well as being able to be read at 410 nm.
Design: The sequence for our enzyme used the original sequence from Rathbone, et al., and was then codon optimised for E. coli. The RFC25 prefix and suffix were added along which required all illegal sites (EcoRI, SpeI, AgeI, NotI, NgoMIV and XbaI) to be removed. As this was a difficult sequence to make as a gBlock, it was ordered as a gene in an ampicillin backbone where it was then digested and ligated into the pSB1C3 backbone.
1Cameron, G. W., Jordan, K. N., Holt, P. J., Baker, P. B., Lowe, C. R., & Bruce, N. C. (1994). Identification of a heroin esterase in Rhodococcus sp. strain H1. Applied and environmental microbiology, 60(10), 3881-3883.
2Rathbone, D. A., Holt, P. J., Lowe, C. R., & Bruce, N. C. (1997). Molecular analysis of the Rhodococcus sp. strain H1 her gene and characterization of its product, a heroin esterase, expressed in Escherichia coli. Applied and environmental microbiology, 63(5), 2062-2066.
The structural gene morphine-6-dehyrogenase (morA) was first isolated from Pseudomonas putida M10 as it is capable of growth with morphine as its sole carbon source1. Morphine dehydrogenase catalyses the oxidation of both morphine and codeine to produce morphinone and codeinone. During this process NADP+ is reduced to NADPH which means that it is frequently used to detect morphine and codeine enzymatically2.
To test the morphine dehydrogenase activity it can be coupled with codeine and NADP+ to produce codeinone and NADPH. The amount of NADPH produced can be measured at x nm.
Design: To make this gene standardised it was codon optomised for the chassis Esherichia coli as well as making it RFC25 compatible which required getting rid of all illegal restriction sites in the gene sequence.
1Bruce, N. C., Wilmot, C. J., Jordan, K. N., Trebilcock, A. E., Stephens, L. D. G., & Lowe, C. R. (1990). Microbial degradation of the morphine alkaloids: identification of morphinone as an intermediate in the metabolism of morphine by Pseudomonas putida M10. Archives of microbiology, 154(5), 465-470.
2Rathbone, D. A., Holt, P. J., Lowe, C. R., & Bruce, N. C. (1997). Molecular analysis of the Rhodococcus sp. strain H1 her gene and characterization of its product, a heroin esterase, expressed in Escherichia coli. Applied and environmental microbiology, 63(5), 2062-2066.
Monoamine oxidase A is coded by the gene maoA and is subject to catabolite and ammonium ion repression1. Amine oxidases that contain copper/topaquinone (TPQ), like monoamine oxidase A, convert primary amines into their corresponding aldehydes, hydrogen peroxide and ammonia2.
To test the activity of monoamine oxidase A, tyramine can be used as a substrate and its corresponding aldehyde as well as ammonia and hydrogen peroxide will be produced. When the hydrogen peroxide is coupled with horseradish peroxidase and Amplex red, resorufin, a red colour, will be produced.
Design: This monoamine oxidase A sequence was found in Klebsiella pneumoniae3 and was codon optimised for the chassis Escherichia coli as well as made RFC25 compatible with the corresponding prefix and suffix and illegal restriction sites were removed.
1Oka, M., Murooka, Y., & Harada, T. (1980). Genetic control of tyramine oxidase, which is involved in derepressed synthesis of arylsulfatase in Klebsiella aerogenes. Journal of bacteriology, 143(1), 321-327.
2McIntire, W. S., & Hartmann, C. (1993). Copper-containing amine oxidases. Principles and applications of quinoproteins, 97-171.
3Sugino, H., Sasaki, M., Azakami, H., Yamashita, M., & Murooka, Y. (1992). A monoamine-regulated Klebsiella aerogenes operon containing the monoamine oxidase structural gene (maoA) and the maoC gene. Journal of bacteriology, 174(8), 2485-2492.