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GRAS
To date, no genetically engineered starter cultures have been approved for use in the USA by the FDA, and specific criteria for approval has yet to be established [8, 9]. This lack of approval is commonly attributed to a lack of consumer knowledge and understanding [9]. Because of the countless foreseeable benefits using genetically engineered starter cultures and the amount of increased potential profits in industrial cheese production, scientist continue research into the area and remain optimistic for future approval [9]. Generally recognized as safe (GRAS) is a status given by the USDA for allowable food additives. L. lactis is a GRAS organism, having FDA approval for food-grade applications [10]. Because the promoters and all subsequent genetic elements incorporated within this project are of lactococcal origin, it is a reasonable assumption that they should rationally meet the requirements of being considered GRAS, making this a promising model for P335 lytic phage detection and defense in future approved genetically engineered starter cultures [10].
Virus Background/GRAS References:
- Haq IU, Chaudhry WN, Akhtar MN, et al. (2012) Bacteriophages and their implications on future biotechnology: a review. Virol J 9:9. doi: 10.1186/1743-422X-9-9
- bacteriophage | virus. In: Encycl. Br. http://www.britannica.com/science/bacteriophage. Accessed 26 Aug 2015
- Samson JE, Moineau S (2013) Bacteriophages in Food Fermentations: New Frontiers in a Continuous Arms Race. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 4:347–368. doi: 10.1146/annurev-food-030212-182541
- Brüssow H (2001) Phages of Dairy Bacteria. Annu Rev Microbiol 55:283–303. doi: 10.1146/annurev.micro.55.1.283
- Madsen SM, Mills D, Djordjevic G, et al. (2001) Analysis of the Genetic Switch and Replication Region of a P335-Type Bacteriophage with an Obligate Lytic Lifestyle on Lactococcus lactis. Appl Environ Microbiol 67:1128–1139. doi: 10.1128/AEM.67.3.1128-1139.2001
- Durmaz E, Madsen SM, Israelsen H, Klaenhammer TR (2002) Lactococcus lactis lytic bacteriophages of the P335 group are inhibited by overexpression of a truncated CI repressor. J Bacteriol 184:6532–6544.
- Djordjevic GM, Klaenhammer TR (1997) Bacteriophage-triggered defense systems: phage adaptation and design improvements. Appl Environ Microbiol 63:4370–4376.
- Hansen EB (2002) Commercial bacterial starter cultures for fermented foods of the future. Int J Food Microbiol 78:119–31. doi: 10.1016/S0168-1605(02)00238-6
- Soccol CR, Pandey A, Larroche C (2013) Fermentation Processes Engineering in the Food Industry. CRC Press
- Djordjevic GM, O’Sullivan DJ, Walker SA, et al. (1997) A triggered-suicide system designed as a defense against bacteriophages. J Bacteriol 179:6741–6748.
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