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Revision as of 00:42, 19 September 2015
Summary
The specific monitoring of small molecules in biochemical reactions is problem that scientist tried to solve since many years. In this project we developed small molecule sensor (SMS) enabling us to analyze biochemical reactions in real-time using a fluorescent readout. Our implemented JAWS software generates us the best ATP-binding Aptamer which is fused to the Spinach Aptamer. In presence of ATP fluorescence will be emitted. This tool enables the sensing of small molecules like ATP that are part of biochemical reactions.
Major Achievements:
- Validation of the JAWS Software
- Sensing of ATP concentrations in biochemical reactions
- Establishment of a dual-fluorescent read-out system to sense small molecules in real-time
- Detailed monitoring of the ATP consumption as well as RNA strand synthesis
Abstract
The specific monitoring of small molecules in biochemical reactions is problem that scientist tried to solve since many years. In this project we developed small molecule sensor (SMS) enabling us to analyze biochemical reactions in real-time using a fluorescent readout. Using this innovative method, we were able to analyze classical in vitro transcriptions in detail by monitoring the ATP consumption as well as RNA strand synthesis simultaneously. Using a Spinach RNA Aptamer fused to an ATP-binding Aptamer RNA we can specifically sense ATP concentrations in real-time. Our implemented JAWS software generates us the best ATP-binding Aptamer. Thus we can even detect small changes in the concentration of ATP during RNA synthesis. To validate the JAWS software as well as to show the general feasibility of our fluorescent tool-box system we analyzed transcription efficiencies of different RNA polymerases, the influence of the buffer as well as the effect of inhibitors like heparin on transcription. Finally, the combination of the JAWS Software and the fluorescent readout enables the scientific community the possibility to target specifically any small molecule of interest in vivo and in vitro.
Introduction
Small molecules are known to regulate many cellular functions. Hence, the development of innovative techniques to analyze metabolic pathways became an important field in research. Those assays require a variety of tools allowing the user to detect small molecules even within live cells
In our project we are interested in small molecules that are difficult to sense using common techniques. Here we will describe an innovative system that uses the Spinach2 fused to a specific aptamer to detect small molecules. In 2013 the Jaffrey Lab developed Spinach2 which shows in comparison to Spinach a better folding efficiency and thermostability.
AIMS AND METHODOLOGIES
Common techniques to sense small molecules in biochemical reactions are most likely connected to radioactive labeling. The exposure to radioactive sources is known to result in damage of the genetic information and is therefore more and more banished from lab work. However because of its sensitivity, radioactive chemicals are needed to monitor small changes of those molecules.
A common method that is performed in many laboratories is an in vitro transcription (Fig. 1A). This method is usually performed in a black-box manner. To analyze the decrease of nucleotide trisphosphate over time as well as to determine the success of the in vitro transcription, scientists use radioactive labelled nucleotide triphosphates and perform time demanding acrylamide gel electrophoresis.
To establish such tool box, two different fluorescent RNA constructs will be applied: The first construct is a fusion of an ATP aptamer
The second important part of the toolbox is a DNA template containing a promoter according to the applied RNA polymerase and a Malachite Green Aptamer (Fig. 1C), which is excited at 630 nm and emits at 652 nm in presents of malachite green dye. If the Malachite Green Aptamer is transcribed, an increase in fluorescence can be monitored. The second part of the toolbox allows a direct analysis of the success of the in vitro transcription in real-time. In an advanced set up, this system can be extended by DNA template encoding for the RNA of interest (ROI) and a hammerhead ribozyme (HHR). Both fragments are inserted between the promotor and the Malachite Green Aptamer. Inducing the hammerhead ribozyme allows cleavage during the in vitro transcription. Hereby two RNA fragments emerge, the ROI and the hammerhead ribozyme fused to Malachite Green Aptamer (HHR-MGA). Using such setup, the emitted fluorescence of the HHR-MGA will be independent on the applied ROI. Thus the fluorescence induced by the Malachite Green Aptamer can be applied to compare efficiencies of different RNAs at the same time.
The combination of two aptamers that are able to turn on fluorescence by binding to DFHBI or malachite green provide us the possibility to monitor simultaneously the ATP consumption as well as RNA strand synthesis during in vitro transcription in real-time (Fig. 2). The application of the JAWS software generates us the best ATP-aptamer to identify even small changes during RNA synthesis.
To validate the JAWS-generated aptamers as well as to show the functionality of the Spinach2-ATP-Aptamer system we will apply different bacteriophage RNA polymerases (T7, Sp6, T3) that are commonly used. In addition inhibitors (Heparin) of polymerases as well as the effect of different buffer compositions will be analyzed by our approach.
RNA-Spinach2-Template preparation
Spinach2-DNA templates for in vitro transcription were amplified by extension-PCR and purified using Quiaquick PCR Purification Kit or ethanol precipitation. in vitro transcription was performed in presence of 40 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.1, 1 mM spermidine, 20 mM MgCl2, 0.01% Triton-X100, 4 mM each NTP, 10 mM DTT, 5 % DMSO and 0.1 mg/mL T7 RNA Polymerase. DNA was removed by 1 U/ µL DNase I digest. RNA was purified by denaturing PAGE and eluted in 0.3 M NaOAc pH 5.5. RNA was isopropanol precipitated and concentration determined by NanoDrop measurements.
Purified RNA was renatured in 40 mM HEPES KOH pH 7.5, 125 mM KCl and 3 mM MgCl2 and 20 % RNA. Proper folding was achieved by heating up the RNA to 95 °C for 3 min and then letting it cool down to room temperature.
Functionality of the renatured Spinach2 was determined using 500 nM renatured RNA, 1 mM of ligand (e.g. ATP) 100 µM DFHBI (Lucerna) and 0.2 U/µL of Ribolock RNase Inhibitor (Thermo Scientific). The fluorescence spectrum was measured using a spectro fluorometer (JASCO). Then following settings were applied to measure Spinach 2 fluorescence: Ex= 460 nm and Em=475-600 nm, high sensitivity and 37 °C.
Thin Layer Chromatography to Analyze ATP Consumption During in vitro Transcription
Thin layer chromatography will be applied to analyze ATP consumption during in vitro transcription. To analyze ATP consumptions during the RNA transcription, ATP is converted to AMP after the transcription process by apyrase. in vitro transcription was performed in presence of 40 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.1, 1 mM spermidine, 20 mM MgCl2, 0.01% Triton-X100, 4 mM each NTP, 10 mM DTT, 5 % DMSO and 0.1 mg/mL T7 RNA Polymerase. As DNA template we used the ATP AptamerJAWS1 Spinach2. 5 µL samples were taken every 5 min from the reaction and heated up to 95 °C for 10 min to inactivate the T7 RNA polymerase. To convert ATP to AMP 0.01 U Apyrase and 4 mM CaCl2 were added to each sample and incubated for 1 h at 30 °C. 2 µL of each sample was spotted on a fluorophore coated TLC Plate (ALUGRAM®Xtra SIL G/UV254, Macherey Nagel). TLC was run 4 h 45 min 4:6 Ammonium acetat: ethanol and analyzed with a UV lamp.
Malachite Green Aptamer Template Preparation for in vitro Transcription
Malachite Green Aptamer template (10 µM) was hybridized by heating up a forward and reverse oligo to 95 °C. DNA was cooled down to room temperature. dsDNA was then stored at -20 °C.
Malachite Green Aptamer Activity
Malachite Green Aptamer activity was tested by transcribing the prepared DNA-Template in vitro with T7 polymerase as described above and in presence of 1 mM malachite green (Sigma). To ensure synchronic initiation a master mix containing the buffer, enzymes, dye and template were pipetted separately. The assay was performed in 384 well micro titer plates (black, flat round, transparent bottom [Corning, 3540]) on a 20 µL scale. Evaporation during transcription was prevented by using a sealing tape (#232701, Nunc). Measurements on micro titer plates were performed in a microplate reader (Tecan Safire 2). Following parameters were chosen for the assay setup: Ex= 630 nm and Em=652 nm, 10 nm excitation/ emission bandwidth, high sensitivity flash mode and 40 µs integration time. The reaction was measured every 30 sec at 37 °C. To ensure the functionality of the assay, samples of the in vitro transcription were analyzed on a 10 % 8 M urea PAGE.
Time-resolved in vitro Transcription
To describe in vitro transcription time-resolved in terms of NTP consumption, following conditions were applied: 500 nM renatured ATP Aptamer Spinach2 RNA, 10 µM Malachite Green Aptamer DNA template, 40 mM Tris pH 8.1, 1 mM spermidine, 20 mM MgCl2, 0.01% Triton X-100, 4 mM each NTP, 10 mM DTT, 5 % DMSO, 100 µM DFHBI, 1 mM malachite green, 0.1 mg/mL T7 RNA Polymerase, 0.2 U/µL Ribolock RNase and 0.1 U Pyrophosphatase (Thermo Scientific). The assay was performed in 384 well micro titer plates (black, flat round, transparent bottom [Corning, 3540]) on a 20 µL scale. Evaporation during transcription was prevented by using a sealing tape (#232701, Nunc). Measurements on micro titer plates were performed in a microplate reader (Tecan Safire 2).
Influence of Inhibitors on in vitro Transcription
To analyze the influence of inhibitors on the in vitro transcription, heparin (0.7 mg/mL and 1.3 mg/mL) was applied. in vitro transcriptions were performed similar to “time-resolved in vitro Transcription” as described above.
Quantification of RNA Concentrations using Malachite Green Aptamer Fluorescence Read-Out
The T7-Malachite Green DNA template was applied for in vitro transcription as described above. RNA was purified by denaturing PAGE, eluted and recovered by NaOAc/isopropanol precipitation. The RNA was purified from remaining salts using Amicon Ultra-0.5 mL centrifugal filters 3K (Merck Millipore). For preparation of a calibration curve, RNA solutions of different concentrations were refolded (95°C 3min, in 1x renaturing buffer) 7. After addition of 100 µM DFHBI, 100 µM malachite green, 10 mM DTT, 4 mM ATP, 4 mM GTP, 4mM CTP, 4 mM UTP, 1x transcription buffer (1mM spermidine), 0.0017 U pyrophosphatase, 0.46 U Ribolock, 0.075 % glycerol fluorescence, fluorescence was measured on micro titer plates using microplate reader (Tecan Safire 2). Following parameters were chosen for the assay setup: Ex= 630 nm and Em=652 nm, 10 nm excitation/ emission bandwidth, high sensitivity flash mode and 40 µs integration time. The reaction was measured every 30 sec at 37 °C.
Results
Establishment of a System to Sense Small Molecule Using the Spinach2 Aptamer
To establish a stable, reproducible system in lab that is able to sense small molecules in real time using a fluorescent readout, we applied the already published c-di-GMP Spinach2 system first
To analyze the functionality of our small molecule sensor system, we amplified all constructs, including, Spinach2, c-di-GMP Spinach2 and ATP Aptamer Spinach2 sensors by PCR and transcribed them in vitro successfully. The RNA was analyzed for its specific binding to a small molecule by a highly sensitive fluorometer. Figure 4 shows the results of the fluorescence measurements. All Spinach2 systems show fluorescence maxima at 500 nm in presence of the ligand. The original Spinach2
Common Techniques of Sensing Small Molecules in Biochemical Reactions
Analyzing biochemical reactions depend on radioactive labeling. Yet, many laboratories try to avoid the usage of radioactivity since it is connected to affect the health. Our established ATP Aptamer Spinach2 sensor system enables the sensing low concentrated small molecules like ATP within in vitro assays. In this context the change of ATP concentration during the in vitro transcription reaction is an attractive target to study. NTPs are genially consumed by a RNA polymerase over time. To monitor the decrease of ATP during a successful in vitro transcription, we applied thin layer chromatography first (Fig. 5). To analyze ATP and not GTP/CTP or UTP by the TLC, the remaining ATP was converted to AMP via an apyrase reaction. However, we cannot identify significant changes of the ATP concentration on the TLC plate because of the low sensitivity of this method.
Highly Sensitive Sensing of Small Molecules via Spinach in Biochemical Reactions in Real time
Common techniques like TLC have a very poor limit of detection. Especially in our studies, a highly sensitive method is needed to visualize ATP concentration in biochemical reactions. Thus, we can apply our ATP AptamerJAWS1 Spinach2 system so sense consumption of ATP in real time (Fig. 6). To show the general feasibility of our system we titrated the T7 RNA polymerase concentration in in vitro transcription reaction. We monitored the fluorescence signal of the ATP AptamerJAWS1 Spinach2 in regular intervals. In presence of a high RNA polymerase concentration we would expect the highest turn-off effect of the fluorescence. In Figure 6B we show the results of the real time measurements of the spinach fluorescence. As expected we can show that the ATP signal decreases rapidly in presence of a high concentration of polymerase. In contrast, if less RNA polymerase was applied, the measured fluorescence is much higher. To confirm the results of the fluorescence measurements, we analyzed the in vitro transcription reaction using denaturing acrylamide gels in addition (Fig. 6C). Similar to the fluorescent readout, we were able to identify the most intense bands in presence of high T7 RNA polymerase.
in vitro Transcription Using a Fluorescent RNA of Interest
To substitute the time-consuming analysis of in vitro transcription by denaturing acrylamide gel electrophoresis, we established a second read-out system. Using this system we want to monitor RNA synthesis in real time (Fig. 7). For this purpose we applied a DNA transcription template which encodes the Malachite Green Aptamer
To analyze the functionality and fluorescent properties of the Malachite Green Aptamer we performed in vitro transcriptions and measured fluorescence in regular intervals. We prepared two negative controls (Blank) which were either depleted with T7 RNA Polymerase or without malachite green. The functional setup contains DNA template, polymerase as well as malachite green dye to monitor the transcription in real time by an increase of the fluorescence signal. If our Malachite-Green Aptamer read-out system functions properly, we expect an increase at an emission wavelength of 650 nm only for functional setup. The blank values should stay at zero. The results (Fig. 7) indicate that we do not see any increase of fluorescence for the blanks. All measured values show a fluctuation around 0. The graph of the functional aptamer with malachite green and T7 polymerase shows an increase of fluorescence over time. We were able to record a classical enzyme kinetic curve of a polymerase using the malachite green system (Fig. 7B). Furthermore, to confirm our data and to show, that the transcription efficiency is not hampered by the malachite green dye, we performed denaturing acrylamide gel electrophoresis (Fig. 7C). The gel shows similar band intensities in presence as well as in absence of the dye if T7 polymerase was added to the reaction. Thus malachite green does not influence our transcription efficiency.
in vitro Transcription recording the Nucleotide Consumption in Correlation to de novo RNA Synthesis
As we were able to establish a highly sensitive fluorescent read out for ATP concentrations as well as for the RNA synthesis, we wanted to combine both methods. We performed in vitro transcription reactions in presence of the ATP AptamerJAWS1 Spinach2/DFHBI and Malachite Green Aptamer DNA template/malachite green dye. Fluorescence was measured in regular intervals. During the reaction we were able to sense the decrease of ATP AptamerJAWS1 Spinach2 fluorescence and an increase of the fluorescence corresponding to the Malachite Green Aptamer (Fig. 8). The results show that the transcription reaction reaches its maximum after 140 min.
In further studies, we added heparin to the in vitro transcription which is known to be a potent inhibitor of the T7 RNA polymerase
High Throughput Buffer Test under Low Input Conditions
Adjusting an in vitro transcription to its optimal conditions is usually connected to big efforts. The efficiency and the final RNA yield of each transcription depend on the applied buffer conditions, polymerase as well as DNA template. In our project several RNAs were generated by in vitro transcription. However, we could not achieve high efficiency for some constructs such as the “substrate of RNA-cleaving DNAzyme”. To show the general applicability of our Spinach/Malachite green system to optimize transcription conditions in the shortest time possible, we tested different buffers systems first (Fig. 10). Especially buffers are known to have a huge influence on the activity of the polymerase which can probably improve the transcription of the DNA template “substrate of RNA-cleaving DNAzyme”.
For the buffer screen we applied six different buffer systems: Three transcription buffers pH 8.1 with different spermidine concentrations ranging from 0 mM to 10 mM, Tris-HCl buffer pH 8.1, HEPES buffer pH 7.5 (similar to the renaturing buffer) and a buffer including BSA pH 8.1. All buffers were analyzed using the same conditions as described in previous assays. As DNA template we applied the Malachite Green Aptamer with T7 promotor. Using our fluorescent read out system we can determine different transcription efficiencies. In presence of the HEPES buffer no increase of the Malachite Green Aptamer fluorescence signal was monitored (Fig. 10A). Furthermore the signal of the ATP Aptamer Spinach2 stays also at the same level as the blank. The BSA buffer and the Tris-HCl buffer (Fig. 10B) show a decrease of Spinach2 fluorescence and an increase of the Malachite Green Aptamer signal. The transcription buffer (1 mM and 10 mM) shows the highest slope of Malachite Green Aptamer fluorescence and the fastest decrease of the ATP Aptamer Spinach2 fluorescence (Fig. 10C). Thus we can detect huge differences in the transcription by applying our Spinach/Malachite Green set up. In addition we tested DNA template “substrate of RNA-cleaving DNAzyme”, which was difficult to transcribe (Fig. 11).
Using our fluorescent tool box we can demonstrate again that substrate of RNA-cleaving DNAzyme causes problems during transcription. We can identify a slight decrease of Spinach fluorescence and increase in the Malachite Green signal. Thus this RNA yield of this transcription is low (Fig. 11A). As we were applying a DNA template containing a HHR in front of the Malachite Green Aptamer, we analyzed cleavage by denaturing acrylamide gel electrophoresis (Fig 11B). We could identify the cleaved HHR-MGA RNA by high sensitive Sybr Gold staining.
Employing different Polymerases for Universal Setup Conditions
To overcome the dependence of the setup to apply a specific polymerase we designed new transcription templates containing different promoters for a subset of commercial available RNA polymerase such as T7 Phi 2.5, T3, Sp6 and E. coli (T7A1) (Fig. 12A). All polymerases have been tested for 12 hours at 37 °C and were measured in regular time intervals using TECAN Safire. The results show that the decrease of ATP AptamerJWAS1 Spinach2 activity is connected to the speed of the RNA polymerase. The data indicates that the reduction of ATP goes faster for T7 and T7Phi 2.5 than for the other candidates (Fig. 12B). Therefore the fluorescence of ATP AptamerJAWS1 Spinach2 decreases. The T3 polymerase is a little bit slower than the T7 RNA polymerase and does not reach the same bottom point. Nevertheless the graph decreases still over time and the polymerase seem to be active even after 500 min of the reaction. The Sp6 shows activity as well. The Sp6 leads to higher Malachite Green Aptamer production by using less ATP or leading to more functional RNA, while the T3 has a lower ATP Aptamer Spinach2 activity than Malachite Green Aptamer.
Establishment of Titration Curves for Quantification of the in vitro Transcription
The quantification of fluorescence is necessary to estimate the total amount of RNA synthetized in the in vitro transcription. For this purpose we transcribed the Malachite Green Aptamer and purified it by denaturing PAGE. Finally Malachite Green Aptamer RNA was titrated to different concentrations (10 µM, 7.5 µM, 5 µM, 2.5 µM, 1 µM, 0.5 µM and 0 µM of RNA) and the fluorescence determined using a multiwell-plate reader in presence of the dye and all other transcription components (Fig. 13). We were able to obtain a calibration curve (Fig. 13A) with a correlation coefficient of 0.99 which enables us to calculate the final RNA yields of different in vitro transcription reactions (Fig. 13B). As an example we calculated the RNA amount of the different transcriptions in presence of different DNA template concentrations. As expected best RNA yields were determined in presence of the highest DNA template concentration.