Potassium as a Macro-nutrient

Potassium is an essential plant macronutrient as it has numerous important roles in plants including osmoregulation, CO₂ regulation, starch and protein synthesis. The deficiency of K⁺ ion will result in abnormalities in plant growth and metabolism. Our aim is to engineer a potassium sensor using Escherichia coli as chassis that can detect a range of K⁺ concentration in the soil to ensure the suitable soil condition for the plant. We utilized P_kdpF, a promoter activated at under low [K⁺] condition, and GFPmut3b as reporter signal for the sensor.

Figure 1. Engineered E. coli as a biosensor of K⁺.

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Endogenous K⁺ sensing system in E. coli

The potassium ion uptake in E. coli is regulated by several systems under different conditions. The potassium ion transporters, Trk and Kup are constitutively expressed (Epstein & Kim, 1971) while KdpFABC, another transporter is activated under low [K⁺] condition (Laimins et al., 1981).

Figure 2. Endogenous K⁺ uptake systems.

The kdpFABC operon is controlled by the KdpDE two-component system (TCS) which consists of KdpD, a membrane-bound sensor kinase, and KdpE, a cytoplasmic response regulator (Polarek, 1992; Walderhaug, 1992). KdpD is stimulated by both intracellular and extracellular K⁺ (Jung, 2000; Jung, 2001; Roe, 2000; Yan, 2011a; Laermann, 2013). KdpD phosphorylates KdpE upon low potassium concentration (Voelkner, 1993; Puppe, 1996; Jung, 1997a; Jung, 2000). Under an increase in [K⁺], KdpD phosphatase activity will be enhanced, causing a decrease in phospho-KdpE and kdpFABC expression. Phosphorylated KdpE turns on the expression of kdpFABC (Zhang, 2014a; Laermann, 2013).

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Design of K⁺ sensing Device

To make a potassium-sensing device, we obtained the promoter, P_kdpF, and combined it with a GFP reporter, BBa_E0240, in BioBrick RFC10 standard so that the promoter activity in different potassium level can be detected and characterized.

Figure 3. K⁺ sensing construct with reporter.

EcoRI Illegal Site

To make P_kdpF compatible with RFC10 standard and, as so, readily accessible to iGEM community, we designed variants of it with EcoRI site removed. We mutated the thymine at -15 position to guanine, cytosine and adenine. The wild type promoter and the 3 variants are expected to be different in activity because of the difference in binding energy between the promoter and RNA polymerase (Brewster, 2012). Therefore, we characterized all of them to compare their strengths by relative fluorescence intensity. So as to obtain a more comprehensive knowledge in the activity and working range of the four promoters. For convenience, we denote them as A mutant, G mutant and C mutant respectively in the following context.

Interference from other Endogenous Systems

Other than the inducible KdpFABC system, E. coli has Trk and Kup systems which are constitutively expressed, low-affinity potassium transport systems (Epstein & Kim, 1971). A study has found that the expression level of KdpFABC is generally higher in a strain without Trk and Kup system (Laermann et al., 2013). In other words, the activity of P_kdpF may be masked by Trk and Kup system and cannot be truly reflected. We decided to measure the activity of P_kdpF in E. coli TK2240 (kdp+ Δtrk Δkup) strain, so that we are able to characterize it in a more accurate manner.

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Measurement and Characterization

In order to assemble a device that can be widely used by iGEM community, we characterized P_kdpF by relative promoter unit (RPU) measurement. Additionally, relative fluorescence unit (RFU) measurement has also been done to compare the activities between wild type promoters and 3 variants.

Relative promoter unit measurement

Figure 4. Relative promoter unit (RPU) of P_kdpF[-15,T>G] at different concentration of K⁺. Cells were pre-cultured in K115 medium overnight at 37°C. The cells were washed 3 times in 0.85% saline and then sub-cultured in medium with specific [K⁺]. Cells were fixed when OD₆₀₀=0.4. The measurement was carried out using fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Error bar are represented as SEM.

At lowest [K⁺], the strength of the G mutant promoter was found to be about 0.5 RPU. RPU of the promoter decreased when concentration increased. At 0.025 mM [K⁺], RPU values was found to be 0.13. There was about 3.8 fold change in RPU from 0 mM to 0.4 mM [K⁺]. As expected, P_kdpF is turned off at high [K⁺] due to inhibition of kinase activity of KdpD by K⁺.

Relative fluorescence measurement

Figure 5 & 6. Activity of P_kdpF in E. coli DH10B in different K⁺ concentrations. Fluorescence/absorbance versus [K⁺] plot is shown on the left while the GFP synthesis rate versus [K⁺] plot is on the right. A, T(wild type), C, and G represent A mutant, wild type promoter, C mutant and G mutant respectively. Cells were pre-cultured, washed and sub-cultured as previously described in RPU measurement. Measurement took place when OD₆₀₀=0.4. 2 other measurements were taken every 15 mins afterwards for GFP synthesis rate. Error bar are represented as SEM.

Both C and G mutants similarly expressed higher fluorescence compared to the wild type and the A mutant. As the [K⁺] went up, the activity of kdpFp decreased. The expression level of both C and G mutant promoters were significantly higher than the wild type one, while A mutant was always the lowest. Strength of both C and G mutants, at 0 mM [K⁺], is about 1.7 times stronger than A mutant and wild type promoter. At 0.2 mM [K⁺], both C and G mutants are still 1.7 times stronger than wild type promoter, but they are 3 times stronger when compared to A mutant. This might be caused by the difference in binding affinity between RNA polymerase and P_kdpF variants (Brewster, 2012). We also found that the dynamic range of our promoters is between 0 to 0.1 mM of K⁺.

Figure 8. Comparison between the activities of P_kdpF[-15, T>G] in DH10B and TK2240 strain. Cells were pre-cultured, washed and sub-cultured as previously described in RPU measurement. Measurement took place when OD₆₀₀=0.4. Error bars are represented as SEM.

At [K⁺] lower than 0.0125 mM, the acitivity of G mutant in DH10B was significantly greater than the one in TK2240 strain. Activity of P_kdpF in DH10B strain decreased over the concentration, while the one in TK2240 remained stable. After passing the [K⁺] at 0.05 mM, the activity of P_kdpF in TK2240 strain exceeded the one in the DH10B strain. Since TK2240 is defective in Trk and Kup system, it can only rely on Kdp system for K⁺ uptake, so an higher promoter activity after 0.05 mM [K⁺] is observed. While at the [K⁺] lower than 0.0125 mM, the distinct activity might be due to the greater need of kdpFABC complex for K⁺ scavenge, which deplete the energy of TK2240 in making other protein.

Considerations for replicating the experiments

a. OD₆₀₀= 0.4 referring to mid log phase of E. coli in K minimal medium
b. Dilution has always been done to make the OD₆₀₀ values of start culture around the same before subculturing in different concentration of K⁺.

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Future Plan

In the interest of providing an efficient and accessible device that can identify the concentration of K⁺ ion into real field, we had a future plan on optimizing the device prepared using a paper-based cell-free transcription-translation (TX-TL) system for our construct.

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References

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Epstein, W., & Kim, B. S. (1971). Potassium transport loci in Escherichia coli K-12. Journal of Bacteriology, 108(2), 639-644.

Jung, K., Tjaden, B., & Altendorf, K. (1997). Purification, reconstitution, and characterization of KdpD, the turgor sensor of Escherichia coli. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 272(16), 10847-10852.

Jung, K., Veen, M., & Altendorf, K. (2000). K⁺ and ionic strength directly influence the autophosphorylation activity of the putative turgor sensor KdpD of Escherichia coli. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 275 (51), 40142-40147.

Jung, K., Krabusch, M., & Altendorf, K. (2001). Cs+ Induces the kdp operon of Escherichia coli by Lowering the Intracellular K⁺ Concentration. Journal of bacteriology, 183(12), 3800-3803.

Laermann, V., Ćudić, E., Kipschull, K., Zimmann, P., & Altendorf, K. (2013). The sensor kinase KdpD of Escherichia coli senses external K⁺. Molecular microbiology, 88(6), 1194-1204.

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